1890-91.] CKLTIC, ROMAN AND GRKEK TYPES. 205 



these Phocoeans" says the father of history, "were the first of the Greeks 

 to use very large ships, and to explore the Adriatic Sea and to visit 

 Etruria, Spain and Tartessus. They did not make these expeditions in 

 mere freighting craft, but with regular galleys of five tier of oars. When 

 they visited Tartessus, they were well received by king Arganthonius, 

 who reigned there for 8o years and died at 120. He thought so highly 

 of them that he first desired them to leave Ionia and take their abode 

 in his country, wherever they might chose a spot. And failing to per- 

 suade them to this, when he heard that the Persians were troubling them, 

 he sent them treasure to build their walls, and this in no niggardly way, 

 for the circuit of the walls was not a few stadia, and they were built with 

 great stones well fitted together. Now Harpagus, in taking command, 

 besieged them, but sent to say he would be satisfied if they destroyed 

 one tower and demolished a single dwelling. Rut the Phocoeans, averse 

 to servitude, said that they wished for one day to take counsel together, and 

 would then give him an answer; but that they might freely deliberate, 

 he was to march his army from the walls * * * and when this was done, 

 the Phocoeans, bringing in their quinquiremes, made their wives and chil- 

 dren embark, put in all their belongings, the ornaments of the temples even 

 to the brasses or marbles which had inscriptions ; they then went on board 

 themselves and sailed away for Chios ; so the Persians obtained posses- 

 sion of Phocoea, deserted by its people. 



As the Chians would not sell them the GEnusian islands, the Phocoeans 

 soon left for Cyrnus (Corsica), where, twenty years before, they had 

 founded a city named Alalia — for by this time Arganthonius was dead. 

 * * * They had been there five years when the Etrurians and the 

 Carthaginians attacked them, and a battle took place, with 60 ships a side, 

 in the waters around Sardinia, in which the Phocoeans gained a sort of 

 Cadmsean victory, losing 40 ships and having the other 20 shattered, so, 

 returning to Alalia, they embarked their families with what household 

 goods they could, and went to Rhegium * * * afterwards to Velia. 



Herodotus, you see, does not mention Marseilles, but Thucydides does 

 (I. 13) and this battle must have been subsequent to the one he speaks 

 of, saying "The Phocoeans who inhabited Massilia, beat the Cartha- 

 ginians in a sea-fight." Isocrates (Archid. t. H. p. 68) says: "The 

 Phocoeans fleeing from the despotism of the Greek King, leaving Asia, 

 moved to Massilia." We can also quote Aristotle: "The lonians of 

 Phocoea, needing an emporium for trade, founded Massilia." Ammiarms 

 Marcelhis, XV. 23, says: "The people of Phocoea, in Asia Minor, to avoid 

 the attack of Harpagus, the lieutenant of Cyrus the King, set sail for 

 Italy; one part settling at Velia in Lucania, another founding Massilia, in 



