226 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [ Vou. it 
occur, and which may therefore be regarded as the scene of the attacks. 
by the Iroquois. The southerly limit of this afflicted territory is sharply 
defined. Two small lakes, joined by a stream which passes through a 
large swamp several miles in length as well as breadth, formed a natural 
protection to the Hurons on their exposed southwestern frontier ; and 
thus, on the south eastern boundary only, were they exposed to the 
Iroquois invasions. Such was the position they occupied just before the 
final attacks were made upon them. The small district thus bounded 
contained all the villages in which the Jesuits labored, and included even 
Teanaustaye (St. Joseph) which Dr. Parkman, following Dr. Taché’s 
notes, places much farther to the south. There is a fringe of villages 
lying outside the southern and eastern boundaries of this district where 
but few tomahawks or signs of conflict are to be seen amongst the 
remains. Other features of the small district in question, besides the 
patches of tomahawks, are : the abundance of small ossuaries, indicating 
hasty burial ; artificial holes in the ground, sometimes in rows and 
occasionally in crossrows ; caches and isolated graves in great numbers. 
All these features are usually associated together, and indicate the village 
sites where massacres took place. 
Compared with that portion of New York state once occupied by the 
Iroquois, the Huron territory contains fewer earthwork enclosures ; 
Squier [Axtiguzties of the State of New York] records no less than 15 
of these earthwork enclosures in* Jefferson Co., N. Y., alone. Compared 
~ also with the counties west of Lake Ontario and along the north shore 
of Lake Erie,—the district once occupied by the Neuters,—there is a 
similar contrast ; Mr. Boyle, in his Annual Archaeological Reports of the 
Canadian Institute, has described several in that section of the country. 
In North Simcoe, however, whatever earthworks there are to be found 
are few and unimportant; only in a few cases does earth or debris 
appear to have been thrown up to any extent, except the ashpiles at the 
* Since the above was written, a valuable article by Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, of Baldwins- 
ville, N.Y., on the “‘Indian Occupation of New York,” appeared in Sczence (Feb. 5, 1892). 
Mr. Beauchamp gave therein the numbers of earthworks, stockades, mounds and ossuaries of 
each county in New York State, recorded up to date, the earthworks in Jefferson Co. being placed 
at 33, and the ossuaries at 6, 
A paper on ‘ Early Indian Forts in New York ” was read by the same writer at the Rochester 
meeting of the American Association in August, 1892. The paper is summarized in the Pro- 
ceedings of that body as follows: ‘‘ The form and construction of earthworks varied, and these 
generally preceded stockades, which were of four kinds: single, double, triple, and quadruple. 
The ditch was less defensive than incidental, and in stockades post-holes were not always used. 
Many examples of both modes of defence still remain, and Squier’s estimate of their number was 
a fair one. According to the catalogue of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington) defensive 
works belong mainly to the northern U.S., especially near the great lakes.” 
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