Research in Engineering Colleges 51 



science and industry in Great Britain, as elsewhere. It seems likely that, 

 in future, the mutual understanding between them will be much better, 

 to the probable great advantage of both. 



In Germany, about the middle of the nineteenth century, the atti- 

 tudes of science and industry to each other were very similar to those 

 that existed in Great Britain. But in Germany, the government in- 

 fluence and control, in both the technical colleges and in the industries, 

 were more extensive than in Great Britain. Consequently, the Germ.an 

 govermment compelled a closer degree of co-operation between them 

 than wpuld have been likely to occur under free conditions, such as those 

 which existed in England. The German government soon realized the 

 great advantages which the union tended to bring about. Highly 

 trained graduates of technical institutions were set to work in dyeworks, 

 chemical in.dustries and factories of all kinds, working otit, under the 

 direction of business men, new or more economical processes of produc- 

 tion. The result was, as we all know, that Germany acquired, before 

 the war, predominance in one industry after atnoher, to the displacement 

 of her trade rivals. 



In North America, the relations between science and manufacturers, 

 during Colonial days, were very similar to those wjhich existed simul- 

 taneously in Great Britain. There were, however, several influences at 

 work on this continent divergent from those of Europe. In the first 

 place, the immigrants here must, by the very fact of their transfer across 

 the AtlaXitic ocean, have possessed a certain degree of mental restlessness, 

 on the average, above that possessed by those of their families who 

 stayed behind. In other words, the more restless and active spirits 

 tended, on the whole, to migra,ite, while the more calm and placid spirits 

 tended to remain in Europe. This artificial selection of the more vigorous, 

 aggressively nervous, and restless individuals, from among the European 

 nations, has continued uninterruptedly for some threfe hundred years, 

 along with the automatic sequestration of that more restless group m 

 the North American continent. Unless, therefore, these qualities are 

 not transmitted by inheritance, we might expect to find that the North 

 American stock, although of very mixed original nationality, should 

 possess, ofi the whole, a marked excess of vigour, enterprise and mental 

 restletesness over the average found in their European congeners. It will 

 probably be admitted that these differences are sufficiently marked to be 

 readily, if not saliently, perceptible. 



This mental restlessness of the North American people, acting in 

 conjunction with the relative scarcity of available labour, has led them 

 to continued efforts towards new, different and better material pro- 

 duction, especially in the direction of machinery and machine-made 



