810 A. FE. Verrill—The Bermuda Islands. 
often being slightly whitened, as in fig. 182, e, which is unusually 
broad and white posteriorly. 
In a letter by Mr. J. B. Heyl, published in Insect Life, vol. iv, p. 
267, 1892, he states that the Scale-insects of the orange were intro- 
duced by a cargo of infected oranges from a ship in distress, that 
put into Bermuda in 1858 or 1859. The oranges having been sold 
at auction were disseminated over the islands. The orange trees, 
which before that time were “clear of insect pests,” became quickly 
infested. He describes this particular scale as spreading very rapidly 
186 185 
| “J 
Figure 184.—a, Broad-scale (Lecanium hesperidum) ; 6, Purple-scale (Mytilaspis 
citricola) ; ce, Long-scale (M. Gloveri); d, Red-scale (Aspidiotus aurantit) ; 
d’, male, d’’, female; e, White-scale (A. Nerii). Figure 185.—Mealy-bug, 
after Harris. Figure 183.—Fluted Scale or Cottony Cushion-scale (Icerya 
Purchasi). Figure 186.—Mealy-bug (Pulvinaria innumerabilis), which 
infests grape-vines, etc. All slightly reduced; from Webster’s International 
Dictionary; mostly after Comstock and Saunders. 
and causing the trees to look as if whitewashed, and states that most 
of them soon died. Mr. C. V. Riley identified this scale as Chion- 
aspis citri, which is still common and destructive here, but probably 
less so now than the Purple Scale and Jcerya. However, it is a 
matter of history that long before the date given by Mr. Heyl the 
orange trees had suffered severely from disease, probably due to 
Scale-insects, and that their cultivation had consequently greatly 
diminished before 1836.* (See p. 635.) Probably the Purple Seale 
was introduced at an earlier date than the others and had been 
equally destructive. The Zcerya is a much later introduction, prob- 
ably subsequent to 1876. 
* Bishop Berkeley, 1724, and W. F. Williams, 1848, mentioned the scarcity of 
oranges at these dates. According to the former they had then been scarce for 
40 years, or since 1684, due, as he supposed, to cutting down the cedar forests ; 
but Seale-insects may have been the main cause. See Errata. 
