1916] INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH IN CANADA 153 
As a result of all these activities two tendencies have been empha- 
sised: (1) Trade associations have been formed for common action at 
home and abroad raising the average standard of production, and 
(2) recognition has been made of the lee-way they had to make up as 
regards scientific research, the utilisation of its results and its applica- 
tion to technical and industrial purposes. 
The Commission to which I have already referred has been a most 
potent factor in stimulating and promoting all these results. It has en- 
couraged manufacturers of particular lines to combine in their efforts, 
it has co-operated by supplying them with information as to the tech- 
nique of their industries and it has furnished a supply of scientific men 
likely to help them in the solution of their problems. 
WorKS RESEARCH LABORATORIES. 
In addition to drawing lessons from what has been accomplished in 
Great Britain, much may be learned also from what is going on to the 
south of us. In such large organisations as The General Electric Co., 
of Schenectady, The Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., of 
East Pittsburg., The Eastman Kodak Co., of Rochester, The DuPont 
Powder Co., The American Rolling Mills Co., The National Electric 
Lamp Association, The General Chemical Co., The U.S. Steel Corpora- 
tion, The Edison Laboratories, The Pennsylvania R.R., there are as 
adjuncts large and magnificently equipped research laboratories manned 
by the ablest scientific men whose services can be secured and hundreds 
of thousands of dollars are set apart by each of these organisations every 
year for industrial research. 
In a number of these laboratories the activities of the researchers 
are not confined to the solution of problems of pressing necessity. In 
the laboratory of the General Electric Co., for example, the workers are 
encouraged to exploit fields of purely scientific interest, for it is realised 
that what to-day may be of merely academic interest may to-morrow 
have the greatest industrial importance. It is to the credit of this 
policy that to-day we have on the market the metallic filament electric 
lamp, the gas filled electric lamp, the gas arc electric lamp, gas electric 
rectifiers, the Coolidge X-ray tube, and the steel alloys of vanadium and 
other rare metals which have proved themselves so useful in the manu- 
facture of dental and high speed mechanical cutting tools. . 
In Canada our works are as yet, generally speaking, small and 
limited in their production. We have, however, industries such as 
the rubber industry, the agricultural implement industry, the cyanamide 
works, and the steel industry in which a beginning has been made. All 
these now have research laboratories attached to their works. The 
