48 Transactions of the Canadian Institute. [Vol. VII. 



Pliny's four jurisdictions of the region in which they dwelt was native, 

 or the creation of the Roman conquerors cannot be decided. 



The epomym of the Turdetani was an ancient Hittite prince named 

 Zereth, from whose appellation, Zareth Shachar, Zaretan, and Zartanah, 

 in Palestine were called. The doubtful nature of the initial letter as 

 mediating between a sibilant and a dental, led the Egyptians, who had 

 good knowledge of his descendants, so to write their name upon the 

 monuments that decipherers have variously rendered it by Sardinian, 

 Dardanian, and Cretan. In the Old Testament, they are called Chere- 

 thites ; they colonized and named Crete; and some of their descendants 

 are the Kurds of what was once Assyria. It is also more than probable 

 that Sardinia received its first colony from this adventurous race ; and 

 the Chronicon Paschale states decidedly that the Dardanians were 

 descendants of Heth. The Turdetani were Spanish Dardanians. The 

 final wz of Dardani was the old Hittite plural; the name of the people 

 was Zereth or Zareth, Dart or Dard, Telt or Teld. Hence arose the 

 words Telde and Toltec, identified in various quarters with the names 

 Arba and Anak. Another word that accompanies this race is the 

 ancestral Hittite name Ashchur, that of the father of Zereth. The 

 anaktes paides of the Greeks were the Dioscuri ; the Basque language 

 is the Euskara ; and a frequently recurring Inca name is Huas-car. 

 The Umbrian Engubine Tables speak of the trifor Tarsinater, Tuscer, 

 Naharcer, lapiiscer, or the threefold Tyrrhenians, Euskara, Navarrese, 

 and Guipuscoans. The men of Navarre or the Naharcer, became in 

 part the Nahuatl or Navatl of Mexico. It is necessary now to consider 

 the Celtic element in relation to the Iberic Toltecs. 



From an early period, yet by no means so far back in the past as 

 some capricious German explorers would have the world believe, the 

 Sumerians occupied a position on the page of history. Urukh or 

 Orchamus was king of Sumir and Accad, as was his son Dungi or 

 Tarkhun-dara, together with Burna-Buryas, Ulam-Buryas, and many 

 more. The Sumerian name is Zimri in Jeremiah xxv., 25, where it is 

 united with Elam and the Medes, and it is well placed in historical 

 time, in spite of adverse forms of biblical criticism, as that of the 

 descendants of Zimran, the eldest son of Abraham by the Perizzite 

 princess Keturah. The Hebrew Zimran or Zimri, "' celebrated in song," 

 stands in intimate philological relation with the Gaelic aniJira, ainhran, 

 " a poem or song." The Zimri are mentioned along with the Elamites 

 on the monolith of Samas-Rimmon of Assyria, a contemporary of Ahab, 

 Jehu, and Hazael of Syria ; and on the Black Obelisk of Shalmanezer 



