I90I-2.] The Windward Islands of the West Indies. i355 



waves, may be seen. The silicified formation contains manganese which 

 has been economically worked, and also iron ore. Similar igneo- 

 calcareous formations have been found in St. Bartholomew to belong to 

 the Eocene period, from the fossils which Cleve* obtained in the 

 calcareous layers. Remnants of the white limestone, or the Antigua 

 formation, (of the Oligocene period) occur about Simpson's bay, and 

 in the French portion of the island. 



Tintamarre, an off-lying island, rising to a height of ninety feet above 

 the sea, is a remnant of the former coastal plain of St. Martin. It is 

 composed of two calcareous formations, both of white limestone, but the 

 strata of the lower are more or less upturned, and contain Oligocene 

 fossils ; the upper, substantially horizontal, contains an old Pleistocene 

 fauna. 



Anguilla (see map, Plate A, appended) is a low-lying island, 

 separated by a strait of four miles in width from St. Martin, of 

 which it was a former coastal plain. Its highest point, near the 

 northern cliffs which are being encroached upon by the sea, rise 

 to only 213 feet in height. At points the old igneous foundation 

 may be seen near waterlevel, beneath the white limestones. The 

 disturbed lower beds contain an Oligocene fauna, and the upper 

 horizontal beds hold Pleistocene fossils. It is often difficult to 

 distinguish these formations apart, although separated by such a long 

 geological gap. This island is also interesting from the occurrence of 

 Pleistocene bones discovered by Mr. Wager Ray, and fo-und by Prof 

 Ed. Cope to be those of Amblyrhiza, — rodents, as large as a Virginia 

 deer, whose ancestors had migrated from South America in the 

 Pleistocene period, when there was a continuous land connection with 

 that continent. 



Gravel formations have been found in these islands belonging to 

 later days of the Pleistocene period. Coral reefs are now flourishing, 

 especially off the coast of Anguilla, but they are not raised above the 

 sea level. 



The roads of the flat island of Anguilla are well made, as also those 

 of St. Martin, which, however, have to pass over several high hills. St. 

 Martin is politically divided between Holland and France. St. Barthol- 

 omew is French. Both French colonies are dependencies of Guade- 

 loupe, and both are free ports. Anguilla is an English dependency of 



*"On the Geology of the Northeastern West India Islands," by P. T. Cleve. Trans. Roy. Swedish 

 Acad. Sc, IX., No. 12, p. 26. 



