468 Transactions of the Canadian Institute. [Vol. VII. 



Thus, Clauss' found that the number of germs per c.c, of Wurzburg 

 milk ranged from 222,000 to 2,300,000. The average was between one 

 and two millions per c.c. KnopP found from 200,000 to 6,000,000 per 

 c.c. in the milk of Munich. Bujwid^ examined the milk of Warsaw, where 

 there was an average of 4,000,000 per c.c. In the milk immediately after 

 it was drawn from the cow he found 10,000 to 20,000 per c.c. In Amster- 

 dam, Geuns^ found 2,500,000 per c.c. in fresh milk. Renk^*' examined the 

 market milk of Halle and found from 6,000,000 to 30,700,000 per c.c. 

 Uhl" in 30 tests of Giessen milk found from 83,000 to 169,600,000 per 

 c.c. In the month of June he found an average of 2,900,000 per c.c. 

 The average in May was 22,900,000. Uhl explains this difference by the 

 supposition that the cows and stables were kept clean during this latter 

 month, and there was less night's milk mixed with the morning's. 



Knochenstiern^^ examined more than 100 samples of the milk of 

 Dorpat. He divided the samples into four classes, according to their 

 sources. The averages of the numbers in the several classes ranged 

 from 10,000,000 to 30,000,000 per c.c. 



The milk supply of Helsingfors was studied by Hellens,^^ who 

 found in samples taken in the summer from 20,000 to 34,300 bacteria 

 per c.c, while in the winter the bacterial content ranged from 70,000 to 

 18,630,000 and averaged 2,111,000 per c.c. About 60 per cent, of the 

 summer samples contained over 1,000,000 bacteria per c.c, against 35 

 per cent, in the winter samples. 



Rowland^* found in twenty-five samples of London, England, milk 

 an average of 500,000 bacteria per c.c 



SacharbekofP^ examined more than eighty samples of St. Peters- 

 burg milk. The number of bacteria ranged from 400,000 to 1 15,300,000 

 per c.c, with an average of 16,596,000. 



Conn^^ has already pointed out the fact that the market milk of 

 American towns and cities contains fewer bacteria than are to be found 

 in European supplies ; and he has explained as the reason for this 

 difference, the free use of ice in North America. 



Sedgwick and Batchelder" examined a number of specimens of 

 milk from Boston. They found, as an average of several tests that milk 

 obtained in a clean stable from a well-kept cow, milked into a sterilized 

 bottle, contained 530 bacteria per c.c. ; but when the milking was done 

 under the ordinary conditions of farm practice, the number of bacteria 

 reached on the average, 30,500. From fifteen samples of milk obtained 



