170 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [VOL. V. 



Mongol pressure and displacement since the days of Kublai Khan, in the 

 latter part of the thirteenth century, and even before then, cannot be 

 disputed. There was an old civilization at Lake Baikal, as archaeological 

 remains attest, long before Kublai's time, and its consequence was the 

 expulsion of nomad, and especially of hunting and fishing, tribes, into 

 the north and east. It is, therefore, most probable that a large body of 

 the Tungus followed the Dakotas and the Eskimos into America over 

 the ice-bridge of Behring Strait, and made their way through the latter 

 to their present habitations, where they are known as the Denes. 



THE TUNGUS AND DENE TRIBES. 



Sauer, towards the close of last century, said : " The Tungoose 

 wander over an amazing extent of ground, from the mouth of the 

 Amour to the Baikal Lake, the rivers Angara or Tungooska, Lena, 

 Aldan, Yudoma, Mayo, Ud, the sea coast of Ochotsk, the Amicon, 

 Kovima, Indigirka, Alasey, the coast of the Icy Sea, and all the 

 mountains of these parts ; constantly on the look out for animals of the 

 chase." The names given their tribes by Adelung and Klaproth are 

 largely derived from their places of abode and possessions or mode of 

 life. Thus Klaproth's eleven vocabularies are those of Yeniseisk, the 

 Tshapogirs, Mangaseya, Nertchinsk, Bargusin, Upper Angara, lakutsk- 

 Ochotsk, the Lamuts, Lower Tungusa, and the Mantchus. Here 

 Tshapogir, Lamut and Mantchu cannot be taken as Tungus titles. The 

 Russians divide them into Horse, Reindeer, Dog, and Foot-going 

 Tungus. The Mantchu, or rather Tungus emperor, Tai-dsu, who over- 

 threw the Ming dynasty, and took possession of the Chinese throne, left 

 on record, through his chronicler, a list of the Tungusic tribes under his 

 sway, about the year 1616 A.D. These are some sixty-five in number, 

 and should be valuable for comparative purposes. The lists of the 

 Mithridates and of the Asia Polyglotta are not quite the same, although 

 Klaproth appears to have been responsible for both. The following 

 table presents the tribal names in alphabetical order, the variants to the 

 right being those of Adelung. 



TUNGUSIC TRIBES IN 1616 A.D. 



Akiran 



Andarki-.\iman Andarki. 



Antshul.iku Antschulaku. 



Antu-Gualg-ia 



Barde 



Chada .- (Ch hard.) 



Chesiche Cheshiche. 



Chinsan .. Chinn'kan. 



Indachun-takurara-Golo .. 



Kuala 



Mardun 



Muren 



NamJulu 



Neien Ncyen. 



Nimatsha 



Noro 



Chiiifa Choifa. I Olchon Olch 



