1896-97-] THE DENES OF AMERICA IDENTIFIED WITH THE TUNGUS OF ASIA. 189 



and which the Loucheux still wear, the former, as well as the Hares, 

 add to it trousers of the same material and as richly adorned, to which 

 the foot-gear is sewed. It is worn by women as well as by men. The 

 more southern tribes replace the trousers by thigh pieces fastened to the 

 legs by garters, and by an oblong breech-clout of any kind of stuff. The 

 woman's robe is very short and adorned with a profusion of fringes, tufts 

 of wool, beads, and jingling trinkets. The common foot-dress is the 

 moccasin, or shoe of soft skin, which imprisons and fits the foot as a 

 glove does the hand. During the winter, the reindeer, the beaver, and 

 the arctic hare are laid under contribution to furnish the inhabitant of 

 the desert with clothes that are at once warm and light and convenient." 

 Tiiis quotation is followed by a minute account of the various articles of 

 Dene attire, for which, for brevity's sake, I substitute Father Morice's 

 words in " The Western Denes — Their Manners and Customs." "As for 

 extraneous ornaments of every-day wear, they consisted mainly of 

 haliotis earrings and nose pendants, often of enormous size, hanging 

 from the perforated septum. These were common to both sexes. * * * 

 In common with the Nazarenes of old, men and women parted their 

 hair in the middle and wore it at full length (except when in mourning), 

 the men letting it fall on their back, tied together in a knot when in 

 repose, and rolled up like that of the Chinese when travelling, while 

 women had it resting on the forepart of their shoulders in two skilfully 

 plaited tresses, adorned with a species of small, elongated shell {Der/tal- 

 zujii Indianoruni), which was highly prized among the natives, and which 

 they obtained from the coast Indians." Sauer says nothing of the 

 Tungus' method of wearing the hair, but his picture, opposite page 320> 

 of a woman of the Tchuktchis,near neighbours of the Tungus, represents 

 her as wearing it exactly in the fashion here described, the two plaits 

 hanging in front of her shoulders. To resume : " As for their wearing 

 apparel, without being strictly uniform, it ma}' be said that, in no case 

 was it of a very complicated pattern. Besides the " pagne," or breech- 

 cloth, which was seldom removed, they wore a sort of tunic or loose 

 vestment of beaver, lynx, or marmot skin, with the fur next to the body- 

 The outside was painted in variegated designs in vermilion, and adorned 

 with numerous fringes to conceal the seams, and bands of dentalium or 

 d)'ed porcupine quills. A pair of leggings reaching to the thigh, 

 together with moccasins, which, in the case of the poor, were of salmon 

 skin, completed their costume. Unlike their kinsmen of the Great 

 Mackenzie Basin, the}' had no hood attached to their coat or tunic, but 

 instead, wore a head-dress made of a small ground-hog skin, and 

 fashioned somewhat like a Scotch bonnet. The women's wearing 

 apparel differed only from that of the men by the length of their tunic, 



