212 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [VOL. V. 



the son of the Maachathite ; but he of Chronicles gives his name as 

 EHphal, the son of Ur. Here is Olbale appearing in ancient history. 

 After this the Tokkari made their way eastward, to appear, at different 

 times, about the Zagros range east of the Tigris, where Apolloniatis and 

 the Garamaei marked their presence ; at Singara on the Chaboras 

 in Mesopotamia, with Zagora near at hand ; and at Van in Armenia. 

 Men of their race may have sat on Assyria's throne, for Tiglath as a 

 name was their original property. From the time of Assur-nasir-pal, in 

 the beginning of the ninth century till that of Sargon, in the end of the 

 eighth, when the Hittite power was broken, they warred not altogether 

 unsuccessfully against the greatest monarchs of their day. One of their 

 race, to judge by his name Sangara, became lord paramount over all the 

 tribes of the Hittite confederacy, and measured his strength with 

 Shalmanezer 11. (860-825), who received his daughter and the treas- 

 ures of Carchemish, when the war ended disastrously for the Hittite 

 army. 



After their final overthrow by Sargon, they scattered. As the Teucri 

 they made their way into Asia Minor, and, whenever the siege of Troy 

 took place, they had part in its defence, as they had in the great Indian 

 wars celebrated in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. But the Greek 

 and the Indian epics related to times far more remote than those which 

 followed Sargon, and to lands nearer the primitive seats of population 

 than Asia Minor and India. Still, the Teucri of the first named region 

 were Tsochari, and they crossed the narrow channel into Thrace and 

 Macedonia, where later they met the Persian Darius in the regions of 

 Paeonia, Orbelus, and the Odomantes In the east they probably paid 

 little regard to the Babylonian and Persian kings. Indeed, Herodotus 

 informs us that the great Cyrus was slain by the Massagetae, 

 oriental Maachathites of their race. Slipping away from the restraints 

 of despotic power, they moved northwards to the Caspian, and further 

 east into India, where Sangala and Taxila and Massaga, with many 

 other memorials of theirs, existed long before Alexander the Great 

 found Taxiles and the Cathaei of Sangala there. As the Tochari and 

 Aparni, they wrested Bactria from Alexander's Greek successors in 150 

 B.C.; and the former in 124 B.C., defeated and killed Artabanus, king of 

 Parthia, their kinsman or fellow Hittite. Their next appearance is as 

 the conquering Hans or Hiung-nou of Chinese history, the chronology 

 of which is entirely at fault. Then, in the west, in the fifth Christian 

 century, under Attila, his predecessors and successors, they ravaged 

 Europe, and disappeared into Asia. Under various names they 

 governed the Chinese empire, as they do to-day ; caused great displace- 



