440 Verr'ill, Notes on Radiata. 



branchlets are as large as or larger than the branches before division. 

 They are usually curved, sometimes of ixniform size throughout, but 

 generally enlarge toward the blunt tips, so as to be decidedly clavate, 

 and vary in length from half an inch to two inches. The verrucse are 

 often unequal, rather small, crowded, loosely imbricated, mostly some- 

 what appressed ; the upper lip very short or wanting ; the lower one 

 prolonged, flattened, and incurved, the lower surface rough and spin- 

 ulose with the sharp projecting points of the small spicula, which are 

 numerous and imbricated. The cells are situated on the upper and 

 inner surface of the verrucse and open ujjward, but are nearly con- 

 cealed by the incurved lower lip. The coenenchyma is thick and rath- 

 er firm, showing but little between the crowded verrucse of the branch- 

 lets. Color dull reddish brown or yellowish brown, varying in shade. 

 In life " stem and polyps deep orange," — F. H. Bradley. 



Height of largest specimen 3 inches ; breadth 3*75 ; diameter of smal- 

 ler branches and base of branchlets "23 to "25 ; of branchlets near tips 

 •30 to '32 ; length of verrucse 'OB to '10; breadth 'OS. Another speci- 

 men is 2'5 inches high; 3*5 broad; with the brachlets -25 to "30 in 

 greatest diameter. Most specimens are considerably smaller, the 

 branchlets often not more than '20 in diameter, with the verrucse also 

 considerably smaller. 



The spicula are light yellowish brown and yellowish white in color, 

 and relatively small, the larger ones consisting of both longer and 

 stouter warty spindles, and irregular, flattened, rough sjjicula, often as 

 broad as long, and usually with one edge lacerately divided. The 

 longer spindles are mostly rather stout, often irregular, with a very 

 roughly warted surface, and sharp prominent spinules on one side ; the 

 ends usually acute, one often blunter than the other. The stouter 

 spindles are short, thick, often oblong or oval, both ends usually blunt, 

 one often smaller than the other, the surface roughly warted. The 

 irregular flattened spicula of the coenenchyma are numerous and rela- 

 tively large, very roughly warted, and with one edge deeply divided 

 into irregular, lacerate teeth or spindles, which are usually sharp. The 

 forms vary exceedingly, some being somewhat oval, quadrangular, 

 triangular, or head-like, but the majority are quite irregular. The 

 small spicula are mostly either quite slender, or short and thick warty 

 spindles. 



The longer spindles measure •875'"'" by •275'""^ '775 by -200, -775 by 

 •150, -750 by -175, -750 by -125, '725 by '225, -725 by -175, -700 by 

 •225, -675 by '200, -650 by '137, '625 by -150, -600 by '150, '600 by '125, 

 •575 by -100, ^550 by '125, "450 by '100; the stouter spindles -775 by 



