Verrill, JVotes on Radlata. 495 



Fiunily, Zoanthid.*: Dana. 



Zoanthina (family) Elir., Cor.ill., dcs rotlien Meercs, p. 45. 1834. 



Zoanthiruv (subfamily) Kdw. and 11., Corall., i, p. -JDS, 1857; (j)ars) Duch. and Mich., 



op. cit, p. 49. 1860. 

 Zoanthidoi (family) Dana, Zooph., p. 417, 184G; Gosse, Actin. Brit., p. 29r), 1860; 



Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, p. S4; Proc. Essex Inst., v, p. :51G, 1868. 



Polyps attached by tlie base, usually coiiiixMind, the buds arising 

 either from basal stolons or broad expansions. Inteuunient either 

 smooth and naked, or thickened with imbedded and firmly adherent 

 grains of sand. 



In the number and arrangement of the internal lamella and tenta- 

 cles, this family, and perhaps, also, the entire suborder, departs from the 

 ordinary ride among Actinaria and Madreporaria. The tentatdes sel- 

 dom appear to present regular cycles in multiples of six. They are 

 ordinarily arranged in two alrernating circles, each having the same 

 number, Avhich is often an odd number, the entire number lieing, there- 

 fore, an even number, and the new tentacles appear to be introduced 

 in pairs at one side and symmetrically to a median plane passing 

 through the odd tentacles and the longer axis of the mouth and 

 stomach. 



Mammillifera Lesueur. 



Journal Phil. Academy, vol. i, p. 178. 1817; Ehr., op. cit., p. 36; Duch. and Mich., 



Corall., des Antilles p. 51, 1860. 

 Palythoa (pars) Dana, Zodph., p. 422, 1846; Edw. and Ilaime, Corall., i, p. 301, 1857. 



Compound, increasing by buds that arise from broad, membranous, 

 basal expansions, which at times may become in some parts narrow and 

 more or less linear, covering broad surfaces of stones, etc. Polyps 

 rather low, subcylindrical, or subcampanulate with a narrow base, in 

 contraction forming rounded verruca), or low mammiform promi- 

 nences. Tissues throughout fleshy and smooth, covered with mucus, 

 but not agglutinating sand. 



By the smooth soft tissue of the polyps and basal membranes, this 

 genus is more nearly allied to typical Zoanthus, than to Pdlythoa 

 {Corticifera), which has its integuments thickened by a layer of sand. 

 From Zoanthus it dift'ers mainly in having smaller, shortei", or more 

 sessile polyps, and in the tendency to form continuous basal membranes, 

 instead of linear stolons, but the latter character is not invariable even 

 in the same species. The tentacles are usually shorter and less numer- 

 ous. 



TR.A.NS. Connecticut Acad., Vol. I. 63 March, 1869. 



