RESINS 25 
Richmond also prepared an oleoresinous varnish entirely from 
Philippine raw materials, consisting of lumbang oil, Manila copal, 
and turpentine. The lumbang was used in place of linseed as 
a drying oil. The turpentine was obtained by distilling the resin 
of the Benguet pine. Red narra wood, which had received two 
coats of this varnish, remained exposed for over a year without 
any appreciable loss of luster. 
DISTILLATION OF MANILA COPAL 
Brooks * carried out a number of experiments on the distil- 
lation of Manila copal. His results verified the observations 
of other experimenters that the distillation takes place in two 
stages. The first stage is characterized by considerable frothing. 
As the temperature rises slowly to about 330° the mass becomes 
fluid and boils gently. The loss in weight at this stage is about 
14 per cent of the original sample. At about 340° the resin 
oil distils over in large quantities. The weight of oil obtained 
from 1,500 grams of resin was 94 grams. The fraction boiling 
between 150° and 178° gave 24 grams of oil, and contained 
limonene, pinene, terpineol, iso-borneol and £-pinene. 
TABLE 2.—Substances given off by Manila copal during the first 
stage of the decomposition, up to 330°. 
Substances. Per cent. 
Carboncdloxidew ee te ee Sie i 2 eg ee ee 3.2 
Wisi tie Nepean ea Shes mt Mn) SGT de SE Te ase SU ot 2.4 
Ronmicsacideandsacetic acids. each... 0.5 
Formaldehyde, acetyl formaldehyde, furfuraldehyde, 
methyl alcohol, and acetone, approximately................ 0.2 
GAScGUSuNVOLGCArOONS cet in ak 0.2 
Pinene, limonene, dipentene, 6-pinene, and camphene, 
BVEDIS1 AI) Chmeeean Ber nen PR a Nee y tad ey Phe 5 5 AE LON oo 8 1.5—11.2 
hesinyoly variable, :wsualky frome: 2200-0 oe. 3.0-6.0 
Brooks also analyzed the gases given off during the first stage 
of the distillation of Manila copal and ascertained the quantity 
of carbon dioxide, unsaturated hydrocarbons, and saturated hy- 
drocarbons. The principal products obtained by distilling Ma- 
nila copal up to a temperature of 330° are given in Table 2. 
The solubility of Manila copal in various solvents was deter- 
mined, with the results given in Table 3. These results are, 
however, only approximate, as different pieces vary somewhat in 
solubility. 

* Brooks, B. T., Destructive distillation of Manila copal. Philippine 
Journal of Science, Section A, volume 5 (1910), page 203. 
