30 PHILIPPINE RESINS, GUMS, AND OILS 
These samples being taken during the dry season probably represent 
a smaller yield than would be obtained during the rainy season when the 
trees have more life and the loss by evaporation is less. 
The cup and gutter system of collection would also give large yields by 
minimizing the loss. 
Richmond * investigated the turpentine obtained from Pinus 
insularis and found that exhaustive distillation of the resin gave 
412.2 grams (23.4 per cent) of oil of turpentine which was 
water-white in color, and after drying over calcium chloride gave 
30° 
the following results: Specific gravity, 30° = 0.8598 ; refractive 
30 30 
index, N D —1.4656; optical rotation, A ic + 26.5. Ninety- 
six per cent distilled between 154° and 165.5°. 
The residue from the steam distillation amounted to 76.6 
per cent of the original resin and was freed from approximately 
15 grams of foreign material by hot filtration. It consisted of 
~ pine colophony of a clear, pale-amber color. 
Brooks + collected samples of the oleoresin from different 
trees and steam-distilled them, after which he determined the 
optical rotations. The values he obtained at 30° (+13.15° to 
+27.48°) were not very uniform, but the differences were not 
as large as those noted by Herty in the case of American tur- 
pentine. 
The constants and chemical properties of the turpentine 
obtained from Pinus insularis indicate that the -oil consists 
principally of pinene. Several derivatives of pinene, such as 
pinene nitrosyl chloride, were prepared from the turpentine. 
Brooks concluded that the turpentine and colophony from Pinus 
insularis are practically identical with those produced in 
America. 
Pinus insularis reaches a height of 40 meters and a diameter 
of 140 centimeters. The bole is straight and clear, the crown 
narrow, with the lateral branches weakly developed. The bark 
is 10 to 25 millimeters in thickness, yellow or reddish brown 
in color, and broken in sections by vertical and horizontal cracks. 
The leaves are grouped in bunches of three, or sometimes two, 
and are 8 to-30 centimeters in length. The wood is moderately 
hard and heavy, resembling the yellow pine of the United States. 

* Richmond, G. F., Philippine turpentine. Philippine Journal of Science, 
Section A, Volume 4 (1909), page 231. 
+ Brooks, B. T., The oleoresin of Pinus insularis Endl. Philippine 
Journal of Science, Section A, Volume 5 (1910), page 229. 
C 
