4? PHILIPPINE RESINS, GUMS, AND OILS 
for window-panes, in place of glass. In America it is rarely 
employed medicinally. 
The resin of Manila elemi is valuable as a material for pre- 
paring varnish, while the volatile oils are suitable for many 
purposes for which ordinary turpentine is used. 
Bottler and Sabin *, in discussing elemi, say: 
* * * It is not by itself made into a varnish, but is added to a 
variety of spirit varnishes; it makes them less brittle and more elastic. 
For this the various sorts of elemi are better than turpentine, because 
they hold their volatile oil more tenaciously. To make varnishes elastic, 
elemi, castor-oil, and Venetian turpentine are melted together, and this 
compound is added to the solution of resin. 
The following formula given by Bottler and Sabin is an ex- 
ample of an elastic varnish containing elemi. 
WHITE VARNISH SUITABLE FOR BOOKBINDERS. 
Parts. 
SANGATAGCY v0! oe Mer NN ee se ae 6 
IMAaStiCn + vie: asada et SAT A ets ae DAN FT at) Ree ee 3 
Vern ie 2S Ney ee oa Pe 5 a oe ee ea 3 
PAI COHOIS ix cate. eee a Ss | EN ts ohn 9 0 ec Ol 150 
Concerning the use of Manila elemi for varnish, Bacon + 
states: 
The use of elem residues with turpentine and linseed oil has not given 
us very satisfactory varnishes, for even with excessive quantities of driers, 
the varnish coat remains somewhat sticky for three or four days. This 
elemi residue, however, mixed with varying proportions of Manila copal, 
melted with boiled linseed oil, and properly thinned with turpentine has 
given us most excellent varnishes, which give a hard, brilliant, and elastic 
coating on wood. The use of the elemi resin for varnishes seems not only 
to give a paler and more brilliant varnish than copal alone, but renders 
the melting of the copal much easier. I believe this elemi resin distillation 
residue has a future as a varnish gum. 
In the Philippines only one elemi gum is collected and this is 
obtained from Canariwm luzonicum. When it first flows from 
the tree it is soft, but in the course of time hardens, the difference 
between the soft and the hard resin being that the latter has lost 
the greater part of its volatile constituents through evaporation. 
In Masbate, according to Forester Zschokke, the trees are 
tapped at the beginning of the rainy season and the process is 
repeated every other day until December. The resin is collected 
once a month and one man can take care of from 75 to 100 trees. 

* Bottler, M. and Sabin, A. H., German and American varnish making, 
(1912), page 21. 
+ Bacon, R. F., Philippine terpenes and essential oils, III. Philippine 
Journal of Science, Section A, Volume 4 (1909), page 100. 
