48 PHILIPPINE RESINS, GUMS, AND OILS 
readily gave large yields of pinene hydrochloride, melting at 125°. Frome 
the higher boiling fractions a very small quantity of dipentene was ob- 
tained, the tetrabromide melting at 124°. 
The principal constituent of the volatile oil of this sample of the pag- 
sainguin resin is therefore d-pinene. In a previous paper I have shown, 
from the examination of a very large number of specimens of Manila elemi 
from individual trees, that the terpenes found in these trees vary quite 
markedly from tree to tree, and that one tree usually yields but a single 
terpene. The same would probably seem to hold good for the pagsainguin 
resin, and it appears probable that these Canarium trees manufacture a 
large series of terpenes and also the parent substance of terpenes, p-cymol. 
The next step will be to study the resin from one tree for a considerable 
length of time, to discover whether, for example, an individual tree always 
gives a resin containing pinene, or whether at one time it yields a product 
having pinene as a constituent, at another, a resin containing phellandrene, ¢ 
etc. * * * The resin should be of considerable value in making clear 
the physiologic process of the plant in the formation of resins. 
Canarium villosum is a tree reaching a diameter of 1 meter or 
over. The young branches, leaves, and inflorescences are more 
or less covered with soft brown hairs; in age, they become 
nearly smooth. The leaves are pinnate and from 20 to 50 centi- 
meters long; the leaflets 7 to 15 centimeters in length, the base 
rounded, or somewhat heart-shaped, the apex pointed. The 
flowers are greenish white, hairy, and 4 to 5 millimeters long. 
The fruit is about 1 centimeter long and rounded in cross section. 
The wood is very similar to that of Canarium luzonicum. 
This species is a native of, and confined to, the Philippines., 
It is widely distributed. 
Family DIPTEROCARPACEAE 
All species of the family Dipterocarpaceae produce more or 
less resin. The dipterocarps are for the most part large trees, 
many of them reaching a height of 50 or 60 meters. They aree 
the dominant species in the tall, lowland forests in the Philippines 
and in many other parts in the Indo-Malayan region. One of 
the most striking peculiarities of this family is that the species 
occur in large numbers, the bulk of many forests being com- 
posed of one or a few species of dipterocarps. As the diptero- 
carps constitute about three-fourths of the total stand of timber 
in the Islands, it is evident that the dipterocarp resins could be 
collected in great quantities. The most important of these resins 
are balau, a resinous oil obtained from Dipterocarpus grandi- 
florus (apitong), Dipterocarpus vernicifluus (panau) and other 
species of Dipterocarpus, and a similar resin from Anisoptera 
thurifera (palosapis). Balau is used locally to a considerable« 
extent and has commercial possibilities. 
