124 PHILIPPINE RESINS, GUMS, AND OILS | 
them for lighting their houses. This use of the kernels gave — 
rise to the name “candle nut.” 
Lumbang is a drying oil and in this respect resembles linseed | 
oil and also the Chinese wood oil (tung oil). Lumbang oil is ; 
used for various purposes, such as the preparation of paints, — 
varnishes and linoleum, illumination, soap manufacture, wood 
preservation, etc. 
Lumbang oil has been manufactured in the Philippines in — 
very primitive mills for years, and is used locally for mixing : 
paints, for protecting bottoms of dugout canoes and other small — 
craft against water and marine borers, and for illumination. — 
According to Richmond and Rosario,* who examined the Phil- ¢— 
ippine nuts, the whole nuts are composed of 66 per cent of shells 
and 34 per cent of kernels, and the kernels contain 52 per cent 
of oil. Wilcox and Thompson 7 state that the whole nut con- 
tains 67 per cent of shells and 33 per cent of kernels, and that 
the kernels contain 60 per cent of oil. Lewkowitsch ¢ reports 
that some samples of lumbang kernels contain 62.25 per cent 
of oil and others 58.6 per cent. 
The oil manufactured locally is made in a few Chinese shops 
in Manila, with primitive hand apparatus. The nuts are hot- 
pressed to save labor, but it is said that cold-pressing produces 
a better grade of oil. 
The nuts of Alewrites moluccana have very hard shells which « 
are difficult to crack; and, moreover, it is difficult to separate 
the kernel from the shell. A common procedure is to crack the 
nuts and pick out the kernels by means of a pointed instrument, 
a very tedious operation. Aguilar § mentions the following 
methods which are also used to separate shell from kernel: 
In some localities the Chinese place large quantities of nuts on the 
ground, cover them with straw and after burning the straw immediately 
sprinkle the nuts with cold water. They claim that with this method the 
nuts burst. In Laguna, Tayabas, and Batangas Provinces, the nuts are 
placed in tanks of boiling water and left there for from five to six hours. 
This loosens the kernel, and when sufficiently cool the nuts are cracked 
and the kernels are separated from the shells. These two methods produce 
brown kernels from which only brown oil can be expressed. 
In Moro Province, along the coast of Davao, the nuts are dried in the 

* Richmnd, G. F., and Rosario, M. V. del, Commercial utilization of 
some Philippine oil-bearing seeds: preliminary paper. Philippine Journal 
of Science, Volume 2 (1907), pages 439 to 449. 
+ Wilcox, E. V., and Thompson, A. R., The extraction and use of kukui 
oil. Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, Press Bulletin 39, (1913). © 
t Lewkowitsch, J. Oils, fats, and waxes (1915). 
§ Aguilar, R. H., The lumbang oil industry in the Philippine Islands. 
Philippine Journal of Science, Volume 14 (1919), page 275. 
