190 PHILIPPINE RESINS, GUMS, AND OILS 
the next distillation of first quality oil with the remains of the second 
quality adhering to the apparatus. The distiller usually judges of the 
time to change the receptacle from that used for first quality to that 
employed for the second, by taking note of the odor of the distillate. The 
oil is received in some type of Florence flask, usually two or more of these 
are connected in series and the condensed water is used in future dis- 
tillations. The whole apparatus is best lined with block tin, although some 
distillers have found nickel to be more satisfactory. The oil, after separat- 
ing from the water, is clarified and as it is sensitive to light and air, it 
should be placed into dark colored bottles as soon as possible; these should 
be filled to the neck, well stoppered and then paraffined to keep out all air. 
In the ideal apparatus the receivers should be so constructed that very 
little light and air has access to the oil. * * * 
Bacon emphasized the fact that only mature, yellow flowerse 
should be used, and he believed that the greatest advance in the 
industry would take place when the distillers owned their own 
groves and could select their flowers. This is shown very 
strikingly in the following quotation: 
Fifty-four and five-tenths kilos (120 pounds) of extra fine flowers, 
one-half of which were perfectly yellow and ripe, were distilled with steam 
in the usual manner and’the following fractions were obtained: 
30 
Number 1: 55 cubic centimeters; specific gravity, #0 =0.960; 
A 19.8"; ad =1.4865; ester number, 178. 
Number 2: 33 cubic centimeters; specific gravity, 3” =0.959; 
a0° a ma 30° : * 
Any =~ 26.5 : Ny =1.4914; ester number, 160. 
Number 3: 90 cubic centimeters; specific gravity, = 0.9545 
= =—34.6°; N= =1.4956; ester number, 154. 
Number 4: 80 cubic centimeters; specific gravity, oP = 0.942; 
30 z 30° € 
Ko ee N3- = 1.5020; ester number, 113. 
Tubes numbers 1, 2 and 3 united gave the following constants: Specific 
gravity, 30° = 0.958; A= —270; N Sy = 1.4910; ester number, 169. 
The total oil obtained was 258 cubic centimeters, which is 264 grams, 
corresponding to a yield of 0.45 per cent. 
This yield was nearly twice the normal amount and the quality of the 
oil was very high, as was shown not only by analytical figures given 
above, but also was confirmed by the opinions of Manila experts to whom 
it was submitted. 
I believe these experiments indicate that 200 kilos of ripe, yellow flowers 
will give 1 kilo of a better quality of oil than will 400 kilos of the class 
of poor, mixed flowers used at the present time. It is a well-known fact 
of plant physiology that the odoriferous substance is present in the flowers 
in greatest abundance and in finest quality at the time when it is mature 
