CAMPANULA. 
flowers smaller than in C. Elatines, but of a good rich purple, and after 
the same star-pattern with the style more or less sticking out. They are 
often bunched in clusters of from one to three on each branchlet. These 
stalks are hardly longer than the central rosettes, which are made up of 
long oblong blunt leaves, saw-edged or scalloped, diminishing down to a 
long petiole, anu about an inch and a half in all. The whole growth is 
smooth or else clothed in spreading down. (Mountain-tops, as on the 
summit-rocks of Taygetos.) 
C. radula attains a foot or so in the rocks of higher Kurdistan, 
where it forms a fat stock, and so emits rosettes of firm ovate leaves, 
crimped and sharply toothed, with a foot-stalk of half their length 
(which is about a couple of inches or less or more). From this rise 
many rather weak, almost unbranching sprays, erect, pale green, 
bristly and leafy, developing each into a fine fountain of rather narrow 
bright violet-blue goblets, which, however, are bigger and broader 
than in that handsome biennial, C. sibirica. Probably this also is 
monocarpic. There is a minor form, C. 7. coriacea, only about half a 
foot high, from the limestone clifis of Van in Armenia at elevations 
of some 5000 feet. 
C. Raineri occupies but an infinitesimal space of the world’s wide 
expanse. For this, the most sensational perhaps of our European 
Alpine Bells, is confined to the upper limestones of the Bergamask 
mountains about the Italian Lakes, where it shares the untraversable 
precipices with Saxifraga Vandellii, the Saxifrage always being found 
on the sunny exposure, and the Campanula very often, and apparently 
by choice, most abundant in the cooler, where it fills every chink and 
cranny with its long fine runners, outlining each crack in the precipice 
with its tufts of ash-grey little leafage, rhomboidal-pointed and 
toothed ; or, in nooks where it has more room, develops into a hoary 
tufted mass hidden in August by a close crowd of immense china-blue 
cups of a delicate swelling outline, a waxy-smooth texture, and a 
radiant charm of serene and unconquerable beauty impossible to 
express, there in those gaunt places making splashes of blueness up 
and down the impregnable walls. In cultivation, however, C. Raineri 
is of no less unconquerable temper; the least fragment will form a 
plant, if inserted in sand; and, in any good moraine, chipful limy 
bed of soil, or even ordinary crevice, it will accumulate tufts of foliage 
actually more hearty than at home, and at least as lavish of their 
blossoms ; but here they develop their stems to some 3 or 4 inches to 
produce their saintly chalices, instead of bearing them close upon a 
tight mass after the condensed habit of the Alps. The only enemy 
before whom C. Raineri goes down is the slug ; against which the only 
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