20 PARA. Cuap., I. 
Portuguese; and the rage of the native party was so great in consequence, 
that immediately after independence was proclaimed, in 1823, a counter 
revolution broke out, during which many hundred lives were lost and 
much hatred engendered. ‘The antagonism continued for many years, 
partial insurrections taking place when the populace thought that the 
immigrants from Portugal were favoured by the governors sent from 
the capital of the empire. At length, in 1835, a serious revolt took 
place which in a short time involved the entire province. It began by 
the assassination of the President and the leading members of the 
government; the struggle was severe, and the native party in an evil 
hour called to their aid the ignorant and fanatic mongrel and Indian 
population. The cry of death to the Portuguese was soon changed to 
death to the freemasons, then a powerfully-organised society embracing 
the greater part of the male white inhabitants. The victorious native 
party endeavoured to establish a government of their own. After this 
state of things had endured six months, they accepted a new President 
sent from Rio Janeiro, who, however, again irritated them by imprisoning 
their favourite leader, Vinagre. ‘The revenge which followed was 
frightful. A vast host of half-savage coloured people assembled in the 
retired creeks behind Para, and on a day fixed, after Vinagre’s brother 
had sent a message three times to the President demanding, in vain, 
the release of their leader, the whole body poured into the city through 
the gloomy pathways of the forest which encircles it. A cruel battle, 
lasting nine days, was fought in the streets; an English, French, and 
Portuguese man-of-war, from the side of the river, assisting the legal 
authorities. Ali the latter, however, together with every friend of peace 
and order, were finally obliged to retire to an island a few miles 
distant. The city and province were given up to anarchy ; the coloured 
people, elated with victory, proclaimed the slaughter of all whites 
except the English, French, and American residents. The mistaken 
principals, who had first aroused all this hatred of races, were obliged 
now to make their escape. In the interior the supporters of lawful 
authority, including, it must be stated, whole tribes of friendly Indians 
and numbers of the better disposed negroes and. mulattos, concentrated 
themselves in certain strong positions and defended themselves, until 
the re-conquest of the capital and large towns of the interior, in 1836, 
by a force sent from Rio Janeiro, after ten months of anarchy. 
Years of conciliatory government, the lesson learnt by the native 
party, and the moderation of the Portuguese, aided by the natural 
indolence and passive goodness of the Paraenses of all classes and 
colours, were only beginning to produce their good effects about the 
time I am speaking of. Life, however, was now and had been for some 
time quite safe throughout the country. Some few of the worst charac- 
ters had been transported or imprisoned, and the remainder after being 
pardoned were converted once more into quiet and peaceable citizens. 
I resided at Parad nearly a year and a half altogether, returning 
thither and making a stay of a few months after each of my shorter 
excursions into the interior,* until the 6th of November, 1851, when I 
* The following were the excursions alluded to :—Aug. 26 to Sept. 30, 1848, I 
went to the Arroyos cataracts on the Tocantins. Dec. 8, 1848, to Feb. 11, 1849, I 

