Cuap. II. ABORIGINAL TRIBES. 39 
inhabited by a number of distinct tribes, who, in their habits, resembled 
very much the natives of the sea-coast from Maranham to Bahia. It is 
related that one large tribe, the Tupinambas, migrated from Per- 
nambuco to the Amazons. One fact seems to be well established, 
namely, that all the coast tribes were far more advanced in civilisation, 
and milder in their manners, than the savages who inhabited the interior 
lands of Brazil. They were settled in villages, and addicted to agri- 
culture. They navigated the rivers in large canoes, called ubds, made 
of immense hollowed-out tree trunks ; in these they used to go on war 
expeditions, carrying in the prows their trophies and calabash rattles, 
whose clatter was meant to intimidate their enemies, They were gentle 
in disposition, and received the early Portuguese settlers with great 
friendliness. The inland savages, on the other hand, led a wandering life, 
as they do at the present time, only coming down occasionally to rob the 
plantations of the coast tribes, who always entertained the greatest enmity 
towards them. 
The original Indian tribes of the district are now either civilised, or have 
amalgamated with the white and negroimmigrants. Their distinguishing 
tribal names have long been forgotten, and the race bears now the 
general appellation of Tapuyo, which seems to have been one of the names 
of the ancient Tupinambos. The Indians of the interior, still remaining 
in the savage state, are called by the Brazilians Indios, or Gentios 
(Heathens). All the semi-civilised Tapuyos of the villages, and in fact 
the inhabitants of retired places generally, speak the Lingoa geral, a 
language adapted by the Jesuit missionaries from the original idiom of 
the Tupinambos. ‘The language of the Guaranis, a nation living on the 
banks of the Paraguay, is a dialect of it, and hence it is called by 
philologists the Tupi-Guarani language; printed grammars of it are 
always on sale at the shops of the Pard booksellers. The fact of one 
language having been spoken over so wide an extent of country as that 
from the Amazons to the Paraguay, is quite an isolated one in this 
country, and points to considerable migrations of the Indian tribes in 
former times. At present the languages spoken by neighbouring tribes 
on the banks of the interior rivers are totally distinct ; on the Jurud, even 
scattered hordes belonging to the same tribe are not able to understand 
each other. 
The civilised Tapuyo of Para differs in no essential point, in physical 
Or moral qualities, from the Indian of the interior. He is more stoutly 
built, being better fed than some of them ; but in this respect there are 
great differences amongst the tribes themselves. He presents all the 
chief characteristics of the American red man: the skin of a coppery 
brown colour, the features of the face broad, and the hair black, thick, 
and straight. He is generally about the middle height, thick-set, has a 
broad muscular chest, well-shaped but somewhat thick legs and arms, 
and small hands and feet. The cheek-bones are not generally prominent ; 
the eyes are black, and seldom oblique like those of the Tatar races of 
Eastern Asia, which are supposed to have sprung from the same original 
stock as the American red man. The features exhibit scarcely any 
mobility of expression; this is connected with the apathetic and 
undemonstrative character of the race. They never betray, in fact they 
