342 ANIMALS OF NEIGHBOURHOOD OF EGA. Cuap. XII. 
families (Cebidz) has thirty-six teeth, while the corresponding family 
(Pithecidz) of Old World apes has, like man, only thirty-two teeth; the 
difference arising from the Cebidz having an additional false molar 
tooth * to each side of both jaws. This important character is constant 
throughout all the varied forms of which the Cebide family is composed ; 
being equally present in the prehensile-tailed group, with its four genera 
containing twenty-seven species, differing in form and clothing, shape 
of claws, mental characteristics, and condition of thumb of the anterior 
hands ; and in the true Cebi and the group of Sagouins, with six genera 
and twenty-four species, including day apes and night apes, short furred 
and long-haired apes, apes with excessively long tails, and apes with 
rudimentary tails. ‘The second American family, the Marmosets, have 
thirty-two teeth, like the Old World monkeys and man ; but this identity 
of number arises from one of the true molars being absent; the 
Marmosets have three premolar teeth, like the Cebidz, and are there- 
fore quite as far removed as the Cebidz from all the forms of the Old 
World. They are, moreover, a low type of apes, having a smooth brain, 
and claws instead of nails, although they are gentle and playful in 
disposition, and have a visage which presents an open facial angle. 
The Old World apes, as just observed, are far more diversified 
amongst themselves than are those of the New World. They form, in 
the first place, two widely distinct groups or sub-orders, Pithecidz and 
Lemurs, and comprise about 125 species, divided into twenty-one 
genera. The Lemur group contains a remarkably great diversity of 
forms ; this is shown by their being naturally divisible into four families, f 
and twelve genera, although containing only twenty-five species. Their 
teeth are very irregular in number and position, but never correspond 
with those of the Pithecide or Cebidze. These four families, in 
structure, are more widely separated from each other than are the two 
American groups of the same denomination. The Lemurs also contain © 
a number of anomalous or isolated forms, which, by their teeth, number 
of teats, and other features, connect the monkeys with other and lower 
orders of the mammal class; namely, the Rodents, the Insectivora, and 
the Bats. All the typical Lemurs, which constitute the great majority of 
the family, inhabit exclusively the Island of Madagascar. 
The Pithecide are divisible into three groups, which again are much 
more distinct from each other than the subordinate groups of Cebide. 
These are the Anthropoid section, to which some zoologists consider 
man himself belongs, comprising the Gorilla, the Chimpanzee, the 
Orangs and the Gibbons ; the Guenons (which in their forms, tempers, 
and habits, resemble the Cebidz), and lastly, the Baboons, whose 
extreme forms—the dog-faced species, with nose extending to the tip of 
the muzzle—seem like a degradation of the monkey type. There is 
nothing at all resembling the Anthropoid apes and the Baboons existing 
on the American continent. ‘The Guenons, too, have only a superficial 
resemblance to American monkeys ; for they have all thirty-two teeth, 
nostrils opening in a downward direction (instead of on the sides, like 
* False molars, or premolars, differ from true molars, through being preceded in 
growth by milk teeth. : 
+ True Lemurs, Tarsiens, Aye-Ayes, and Galeopitheci. 
