18 CRYPTODIRA. 
humerus is nearly straight in the Chelonide, more or less strongly 
curved in the other families. The radius and ulna are subequal 
in length, except in the Chelonide, where the former is much 
longer and situated below the ulna and the intermedium carpi. In 
the terrestrial and marine Chelonians, the radius and ulna are in 
contact distally; they are separated by the intermedium in most 
freshwater forms. 
The carpus, in the embryo, contains nine elements, viz. the 
radiale, intermedium, ulnare, centrale, and five bones in the second 
row. All these persist distinct in the Chelydride, Dermatemy did, 
Platysternide, Chelonide, and a few Testudinide (Damonia, Mala- 
coclenmys) ; in most Testudinide the radiale coalesces with the 
centrale, and the carpals of the second row may be reduced to four 
by fusion of two elements. A pair of additional bones, one on the 
inner and one on the outer side, are present in Hmys, Cistudo, 
Geoemyda, and Nicoria. In Chelone the outer of these additional 
bones is larger than, and on a line with, the other carpals of 
the second row. The number of phalanges is 2.3.3.3.3 in 
the Chelydride, Dermatemydid, Cinosternide, Platysternide, and 
some Testudinide (Batagur, Hardella, Morenia, Damonia, Bellia) ; 
2.3.3.3.2 in most freshwater Testudinide and the Chelonide ; 
9PB 089 im Cisne) and 2) 42-22 One 2 te ee eet 
Testudo and allies. 
Petyis anp Hiyp Lims.—The ilium is loosely attached to the 
sacrum and to the eighth costal plate. The pubis and ischium form 
a ventral symphysis, and their symphysial branches are either widely 
separated from each other, merely connected by a ligamentous or 
cartilaginous band (Chelydride, Dermatemydide, Chelonide), or in 
contact and limiting two obturator foramens (Cinosternide, Testu- 
dinide). The pubis sends off a more or less developed process, 
directed forwards and outwards, which may be subeylindrical, rod- 
like, or flat and expanded distally ; a lateral process is also present, 
but usually less developed than that of the pubis, in the ischium of 
all Cryptodira except the Chelonide. An epipubic ossification is 
present in adult specimens of Macroclemmys and Dermatemys. 
The tarsus contains two bones in the proximal row, viz. a large 
inner (tibiale+-intermedium), in contact with both tibia and fibula, 
and a smaller outer (fibulare); a ceutrale is distinct only in the 
Chelydride ; the distal row contains five bones (if, following Hoff- 
mann, we reckon as such the outer, larger bone which is regarded by 
most authors as the fifth metatarsal), except in the Chelonide, 
where only four are present. The phalanges number 2.3.3.3.2 
or 1 in most Cryptodira; 2.3.3.3.3 in Batagur, Kachuga, and 
Hardella; 2.3.3.3.0 in Cistudo; and 2.2.2.2.0 in Testudo, 
Homopus, Pywis, and Cinivys. . 
