4, HARDELLA. 63 
the humerals ; inguinal large, axillary smaller. Head rather small ; 
snout pointed, produced, directed upwards ; jaws with denticulated 
edge, upper feebly notched mesially; the width of the lower jaw 
at the symphysis nearly equals the diameter of the orbit. Limbs 
with transversely enlarged, band-like scales. Upper surface of 
shell and soft parts olive-brown, lower surface yellowish. 
Length of shell 53 centim. 
Bengal, Burma, Malay Peninsula. 
a, b. Ad., stffd. Ganges. K. Blyth, Esq. [C.]. 
e, Ad., skull. Ganges. W. Theobald, Hsq. [C. ]. 
d, e. Ad., shells, India. Dr. Falconer Py. 
f- Ad, shell. Moulmein, 
g. Ad., skull & shell. Rangoon. W. Theobald, Esq. [C.]. 
h, Ad., shell. Pegu. W. Theobald, Hsq. [ C. |. 
bp IS Yo. .. spir. & dry. Pinang. Dr. Cantor. 
(Two of the types of 
Tetraonyx affinis.) 
i. Head, spir. —-? W. Theobald, Esq. [C.}. 
4, HARDELLA. 
Emys, part.. Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 20 (1851); Dum. §& Bibr. ii. 
p- 252 (1835) ; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 14 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 19 
(1855); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 21 (1864). 
Clemmys, part., Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 28 (1862). 
Kachuga, part., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 200. 
Hardella, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 58 (1870); Anders. Zool. 
Res, Yunnan, p. 764 (1879). 
Batagur, part., Anders. 1. c. p. 729. 
Neural plates elongate, hexagonal, short-sided infront. Plastron 
extensively united to the carapace by suture, with extremely 
developed axillary and inguinal buttresses, the former connected 
with the first rib, the latter anchylosed between the fifth and sixth 
costal plates ; entoplastron anterior to the humero-pectoral suture. 
Skull with a bony temporal arch ; alveolar surfaces very broad, of 
upper jaw with a strong tubercular median ridge; edge of jaws 
strongly toothed ; choanze behind the level of the eyes. Upper 
surface of snout and crown covered with a single shield, behind 
which the skin is corrugated. Digits extensively webbed. Tail 
short, not longer in the young than in the adult. 
Northern India. 
1. Hardella thurgi. 
Emys thurjii, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 22 (1831), and Ill. Ind. Zool. i. 
pl. Ixxiil. (1832); Dum. § Bidbr. ii. p. 318 (1835). 
—— flavonigra, Lesson, Bull. Sc. Nat. xxv. p. 120 (1831), and in 
Bélang. Voy. Ind. Or., Zool. p. 298 (1834). 
thureii, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 17 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 
(1855) ; Giinth: Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 24 (1864). 
Clemmys ‘thurgi, Strauch, Chelon. Siud. p. 32 (1862). 
Batagur thurgii, Theob, Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus. p. 12 (1868), and 
Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 23 (1876). 
