11. crEmmys. 103 
1. Clemmys caspica. 
Testudo caspica, Gmelin, Reise d. Russl. iii. p. 59, pls. x. & xi. 
On Schneid. Schildkr. p. 344 (1783) ; Daud, Rept. ii. p, 124 
02). 
—— grxeca (non L.), Pall. Zoogr, Ross.-As. iii. p. 17 (1811). 
Emys caspica, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 37 (1814); Hichw. Zool, Spec. iii. 
p. 196 (1831) ; Dum. § Bibr. ti. p. 255 (1835). 
Clemmys caspica, Wagler, Icon. Amph. (1830) ; Eichw. Faun. Casp.- 
Caue. p. 45, pls. ili. & iv. (1841) ; Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 117 
(1862); Blanf. Zool. FE. Persia, p. 309 (1876). 
Emys grayi, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 504, pl. xxxviii. 
Emmenia grayi, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 38 (1870). 
Carapace rather strongly depressed, with an obtuse vertebral keel 
and a more or less distinct costal keel in the young; in the half- 
grown, the lateral keels disappear, but a trace of the vertebral keel 
usually remains, even in old specimens ; posterior margin not at all 
serrated ; vertebral shields broader than long, nearly as broad as the 
costals ; nuchal of moderate size. Plastron large, flat or convex in 
the female, very slightly concave in the male; truncate anteriorly, 
angularly notched posteriorly ; the width of the bridge a little less 
than the length of the hind lobe; the longest median sutures formed 
by the abdominal and femoral shields, which are either equal or the 
former is the longer; axillary and inguinal shields well developed, 
latter largest. Head moderate; upper jaw not hooked, notched 
in the middle; the width of the mandible at the symphysis is less 
than the horizontal diameter of the orbit; edge of jaws finely 
denticulated in the halfgrown and adult. Digits webbed to the 
claws. Tail about three fifths the length of the carapace in the 
young, half in the males, two fifths or one third in the females. 
Carapace olive or olive-brown above, with elegant curved yellowish 
streaks, which form a more or less regular ©0 on each costal shield 
and a ring on each marginal; these markings most distinct in the 
young, especially after removal of the epidermic shields; lower 
surface of marginals constantly yellow, with the sutures black, and 
two oval black spots on marginals 3 to 7. Plastron yellow, 
with large black spots, which nearly cover the whole surface in the 
young, the border and the bridge remaining, however, constantly 
yellow, with black sutures. Head clive; a yellow line on the 
canthus rostralis and supraorbital border, two or three on each side 
of the snout, and four on each temple; no ocelli; neck with 
numerous yellow, finely black-edged streaks, three of which, along 
the nape, are broadest and extend to the occiput. Soft parts 
streaked and handsomely marbled with dark olive on a yollow 
ground. 
Length of shell 18 centim. 
Southern borders of Caspian Sea to Persian Gulf, 
