112 TESTUDINID&. 
pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch; alveolar sur- 
faces without median ridge; choanze between the eyes. Upper 
surface of head covered with undivided skin. Digits webbed. Tail 
moderate in the adult, long in the young. 
Europe, North-west Africa, Western Asia, Eastern North 
America. 
1. Emys orbicularis. 
Testudo orbicularis, Zinn. S. N. i. p. 851 (1766). 
europea, Schnetd. Schildkr. p. 323 (1783) ; Schoepff, Testud. p.1, 
pl. i. (1792); Share, Zool, iii. p. 30, pl. v. (1802) ; Lojanus, Anat. 
Test. Eur, (1819). 
lutaria (non L.), Schneid. 1. c. p. 338; Daud. Rept, ii. p. 115 
(1802). 
— meleagris, Shaw, Nat. Mise. iv. pl. exliv. (1790). 
pulchella, Schoepff, 7. c. p. 1138, pl. xxvi. 
flava, Daud. l. c. p. 107. 
Emys lutaria, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 85 (1814); Gravenh. Delic. Mus. 
Zool. Vratisl. p. 11, pl. ii. (1829); Bonap. Faun. Ital. (1834) ; 
Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Mosamb. pl. xi. (1851); De Betta, Erp. Veron. 
p- 101 (1857); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 101 (1862), and Verth. 
Schildkr. p. 49 (1865). 
europiea, Schweigg. 1. c. p. 86; Brandt § Ratzeb. Med. Zool. i. 
p. 182, pl. xxi. (1829); Schulz, Faun. March. p. 442 (1845). 
pulchella, Mery. Tent. p. 25 (1820); Gravenh. 1. c, p. 14, pl. iv. 
Terrapene europea, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 808 (1826). 
Cistudo europea, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 19 (1831); Bibron § Bory, 
Expéd. Sc. Morée, iii. p. 61, pl. ix. ie 1 (1833); Dum. § Bibr. ii. 
p. 220 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 31 (1844) ; Fatio, Vert. Suisse, 
iii. p. 35 (1872); De Betta, Faun, Ital., Rett. Anf. p. 13 (1874) ; 
Lataste, Herp. Gir. p. 56 (1876). 
hellenica (Vail.), Bibr. § Bory, 1. c. pl. viii. (1882 ?). 
Lutremys europea, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. 1. p. 40 (1855); Lortet, 
Arch. Mus. Lyon, iv. p. 15, pl. vi. (1887 . 
Cistudo lutaria, Strauch, Erp. Alg. p. 17 (1862); Schrewb. Herp. Eur. 
p- 037 (1875). 
Emys orbicularis, Blanf. Zool. E. Persia, p. 808 (1876); Bouleng. 
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 595, pl. 1. fig. 2. 
References to Fossil remains :— 
Emys turfa, H. v. Meyer, N. Jahrb. f. Min. 1855, p. 67, and Mus. 
Senckenb. ii. p. 60 (1837). 
lutaria, var. borealis, Ni/sson, Sv. Vet. Ak. Hand. f. 1889, p. 194, 
pls. ii. & iv. (1841). 
—— lutaria, Steenstr. Overs. Vid. Selsk, Forh. 1848, p. 74, and 1855, 
p.1; A. Newton, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (8) x. p. 224, pls. vi., vii. 
(1862); E. T, Newton, Geol. Mag. (2) vi. p. 804, pl. viii. (1879) ; 
H. B. Woodward, Tr. Norf. § Norw. Nat. Soc. iii. p. 36 (1880). 
Cistudo europea, Riitim. Mitth. Antig. Ges. Ziirich, xiii. p. 41 (1860). 
Emys europea, Jager, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, 1861, p. 190; ZH. v. 
Meyer, Paleontogr. xv. p. 208, pl. xxxv. (1867) ; Sordelli, Atti Soe. 
Ital. Sc. Nat. xv. p. 152, pl. iii. (1872). 
Lutremys europxa, Portis, Boll. Comit. Geol. Ital. 1887, p. 50. 
Carapace a short oval, broadest posteriorly, its width more than 
