od 
20. TESTUDO. 167 
beak scarcely hooked ; jaws denticulated; alveolar surface of upper 
jaw with astrong median ridge. Fore limb with roundish imbricate 
scales, a few only of which are very large; no enlarged tubercle on 
the hinder side of the thigh. Carapace black, with yellow areolar 
spots from which yellow streaks radiate; the rays from the costal 
areola to the lower border of the same shield are the largest and 
the most constant; plastron yellow with black rays or large angular 
black spots, or black with yellow rays. 
Length of shell 33 centim. 
Madagascar. 
a,b,c, 6 & yg., stftd. Madagascar, 
d. 9, skel. Madagascar. 
e. do, Shell. Madagascar, Rey. G. H. RB. Fisk [P. ]. 
tg. 3 & her. shells. Madagascar. Gen. Hardwicke [P. ]. 
h. ie carapace. Madagascar, toyal Society [P.]. (Type.) 
i, k,l, m,n,o. Her. & Madagascar. 
yg, shells. 
p. Yg., stfid. ——— 
19. Testudo elephantina*. 
Testudo indica, part., Gray, Se Rept. p. 9 (1831), and Cat. Tort. 
p-. 5 ( 1844), and Sh. Rept. 1. p. 6, pl. xxxv. fig. 1 (1855), and 
Suppl. p. 5 (1870). 
elephantina, part., Dum. § Bibr, ii. p. 110 (1835). 
Megalochelys indica, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 724. 
Testudo elephantina, Giinth. Gig. Land-Tort. p. D1, pls. i.-iv., Vili.— 
Xvil., x1x. (1877); Peters, Reise n. Mossamb, iii. p. 3, pl. ill. B 
(1882), 
— ponderosa, Ginth. 1. c. p. 35, pls. vi., viii., ix., xiii., & xviii. 
Shell thick, not twice as long as deep, declivous in front and 
behind, with the anterior and posterior margins feebly reverted ; 
anterior margin not, or but feebly notched ; nuchal shield present, 
small; supracaudal undivided; dorsal shields more or less distinctly 
grooved concentrically, even in the adult; vertebral shields much 
broader than long, at least as broad as costals. Plastron rather 
large, lobes narrowed, truncated in front, notched behind ; the width 
of the bridge is contained about twice and one third in the length 
of the carapace ; median sutures between the gulars, the pectorals, 
and the anals very short; axillary and inguinal small. Head small, 
with convex forehead ; a pair of very large shields cover the fore- 
head; beak feebly hooked, bi- or tricuspid; edge of jaws feebly 
denticulated ; alveolar surface of upper jaw with a strong tubercular 
median ridge ; neck long. Fore limb anteriorly with large, unequal- 
* For a full account of the specimens of Gigantic Land-Tortoises in the 
Museum, consult Giinther’s Monograph, forming a Catalogue to that part of 
the Collection. In the case of the extinct Mascarene forms, I have limited 
myself to reproducing the original diagnoses. Since the publication of that 
work two more extinct species (probably contemporaries of the Mascarene forms) 
have been described from Madagascar, viz. 7. abrupta, Grandid., and 7) grandi- 
dieri, Vaill. (=Emys gigantea, Grand.); ef. C. R. Ac. Se. ec. 1885, p. 874. 
