3. CHITRA.—4. CYCLODERMA. 265 
Olive or green above, whitish inferiorly ; dorsal disk of young with 
dark vermiculations ; head and neck with dark longitudinal lines. 
Length of dorsal disk 60 centim. 
Ganges and Irawaddy. 
a, b. Her. & yg., stfid. India, Capt. Boyes [C. ]. 
ce. Ad., skel. Calcutta. 
d, Ad., skel. (incomplete), Allahabad. W. Theobald, Esq. [E. }. 
e. Ad., skull & hyoid bones. Nepal. Dr. Falconer [P.]. 
4, CYCLODERMA. 
Cycloderma, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac, 1854, p. 216, and Reto n. 
Mossamb. iii. p. 9 (1882). 
Cyclanosteus, part., Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 64 (1855). 
Heptathyra, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1859, p. 294; Gray, Suppl, Cat. 
Sh. Rept. i. p. 92 (1870), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 41. 
Aspidochelys, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 6. 
Cycloderma, part., Strauch, Chelon, Stud. p. 55 (1862), 
Nuchal notched at the outer end, which underlies the first costal 
plate ; no preenuchal bone; neural plates well developed, eight or 
nine in number, forming a continuous series; eighth pair of costals 
large in the adult, forming a median suture. Plastron with a 
cutaneous femoral valve, under which the hind limb may be con- 
cealed; hyoplastron coossified with hypoplastron ; seven plastral 
callosities (in the adult). Bony choane between the orbits; jaws 
comparatively feeble ; postorbital arch very broad, much broader 
than the diameter of the orbit ; posterior border of pterygoids with 
a median ascending process forming a suture with the opisthotic. 
Tropical Africa. 
1. Cycloderma frenatum. 
Cycloderma frenatum, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1854, p, 216, and 
Reise n. Mossamé. iii. p. 14, pls. i.-iii. A (1882). 
Cyclanosteus frenatus, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 64 (1855), 
Aspidochelys livingstonii, Gray, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1860, p. 6, pl. xxii. 
Heptathyra livingstonii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 94. 
—— frenata, Gray, l. c., and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. 1. p. 93 (1870). 
Carapace and plastral callosities finely granulate and vermiculate ; 
two neural plates between the first pair of costals; seven plastral 
callosities, of which the entoplastral is very small, transverse, 
subcrescentic; hyo-hypoplastral callosities widely separated from 
each other. Head much depressed, with the eyes quite anterior, 
the snout very short; interorbital space very narrow, not half the 
diameter of the orbit. Dark green above, head and neck with 
black longitudinal bands. 
Length of dorsal disk 50 centim. 
Zambezi. 
