XXVlll INTRODUCTION. 



QuERQUEDULA, Stephens.— B\\\ about as long as the head, the edges nearly 

 parallel ; the extremities of the Iamell?e exposed along the projecting edge 

 of the upper mandible ; nostrils small and oblong. Wings rather long, 

 pointed, the first and second quills sub-equal and longer than the rest ; 

 scapulars and inner secondaries elongated and pointed. Tail of sixteen 

 feathers, short and rounded. Legs short ; tarsus compressed, anteriorly 

 scutellate ; hind toe very small, outer toe much shorter than the third, 

 centre toe rather long ; interdigital membrane emarginate ; claws small, 

 somewhat curved (p. 419). 



Mareca, Stephens. — Bill considerably shorter than the head, higher than broad 

 at the base, gradually depressed and narrowed towards the point ; culmen 

 slightly concave ; lamellce only just visible ; wings rather long and pointed ; 

 the first and second quills sub-equal and longer than the rest. Tail short 

 and pointed. Legs short, the tibia bare for a short distance ; hind toe with 

 a very narrow lobe ; feet rather small (p. 425). 



FuLiGULA, Stephens. — Bill not longer than the head, but slightly elevated at the 

 base, depressed towards the tip, sides parallel ; both mandibles laminated, 

 lateral edges of the upper mandible enclosing the edges of the under one. 

 Nostrils at a short distance from the base. Wings rather short, pointed. 

 Legs with the middle and outer toes longer than the tarsus, which is 

 flattened laterally ; feet large, webbed ; the hind toe with a broad lobe 

 (p. 429). 



Clangula, F. Bote. — Bill much shorter than the head, higher than broad at the 

 base, depressed towards the nail, which is elliptical and decurved at the tip ; 

 lamella; completely hidden by the overhanging edge of the maxilla; nostrils 

 near the middle of the bill. Wings rather short, pointed, the first quill the 

 longest. Tail of sixteen feathers, moderately long, rounded. Legs short, 

 placed far back ; tarsi scutellate in front ; hind toe small, slender, broadly 

 lobed ; interdigital membranes full (p. 439). 



Harelda, Stephens. — Bill much shorter than the head, its outlines tapering 

 rapidly to the tip, which is occupied by a broad, prominently decurved nail ; 

 lamellse slightly exposed along the gape-line ; nostrils oblong, sub-basal. 

 Feathering at the base of the bill forming an oblique line, advancing 

 furthest forward on the forehead, and scarcely interrupted by the re-entrant 

 angle so prominent in most Ducks. Wings rather short, pointed ; scapulars 

 much elongated and lanceolate in the adult male. Tail of fourteen feathers, 

 short and graduated, except the two central feathers, which are very long and 

 tapering in the adult male. Legs short, placed far back ; hind toe small 

 but broadly lobed (p. 443). 



Cosmonetta, Kaiip. — Bill rather short, converging rapidly to the tip, which 

 is occupied by a large decurved nail ; a small lobe on each side at the base 

 of the upper mandible ; lamella; concealed ; nostrils oblong, median. Wing 

 short, pointed, the first and second quills nearly equal in length. Tail of 

 fourteen rather pointed feathers, much graduated. Legs short and placed 

 far back ; hind toe slender, with a large lobe ; anterior toes fully webbed 

 (P- 445)- 



SoMATERiA, F. Boie. — -Bill swollen and elevated at the base, extending up on 

 the forehead, where it is divided by an elongated, descending, angular, pro- 

 jection of feathers down the surface. Nostrils lateral, oval, small. Wings 



