THE REDWING. 221 
Europe, occasionally crossing the Mediterranean into Algeria. In the 
district of Kasan on the Volga (the same latitude as Scotland) the Red- 
wing only passes on migration. It arrives there in the early part of April, 
remains the whole of that month and the first half of May, when it 
again goes northwards. It reappears again in September in large flocks, 
remaining sometimes as late as the third week in October, frequenting the 
leafy woods of the Volga islands, which abound with wild rose and 
mountain-ash, the birds sometimes mixing with the Song-Thrushes, which 
are there on migration too. In Asia it has been found sparingly in winter 
in Persia, Turkestan, and North-west India. In the valley of the Petchora 
Harvie-Brown and I found it as far north as lat. 68°. The Redwing 
frequents the birch-region and the upper zone of the pine-region, occurring 
in limited numbers south of the Arctic circle in many places where these 
trees are found, in South Norway and Sweden and on the Russian shores 
of the Baltic. It is the most northerly in its range of any of the Thrushes, 
and occasionally wanders as far as Greenland. 
In the valley of the Yenesay it reached the Arctic circle on the 5th of 
June, a few days before the Fieldfare, and soon began to breed in the 
willows and birches, generally nearer to the ground than the Fieldfare 
did. In lat. 71°, beyond the limit of forest-growth, it was still common, 
but breeding on the ground. I took several of its nests on the sloping 
banks of the tundra, a little further north than any of the five other 
species of Thrush which I found in the same valley. I never found it 
breeding in colonies ; but sometimes, in an unusually swampy part of the 
forest, where the pines were small and stunted, several nests would occur 
at comparatively short distances from each other. In Lapland, as well 
as in Russia and Siberia, I found the Redwing commonest where the 
trees were small, and where open swampy ground separated the forest into 
plantations. The richness of the foliage in these localities and the 
brilliance and profusion of the wild flowers reminded me of an English 
garden run wild; and the presence of the Redwing and other song-birds 
assisted in the reminiscence, and added greatly to the charm. 
The winter haunt of the Redwing is, asa rule, the most cultivated parts 
of the country—well-wooded parks, pleasure-grounds, and shrubberies, 
and the adjoining pasture-lands. When once these birds arrive in a 
certain district, they usually remain there throughout the time of their 
sojourn in this country—roosting in one certain favourite place, feeding 
on certain pastures, and, in fact, as regular in their habits and movements 
as the Rooks themselves. The favourite haunt of the Redwing is a 
sheltered valley down which a little brooklet runs, with trees scattered 
here and there, and tall hedgerows of thorn and hazel. They are very 
partial to small parks thickly timbered and studded with clumps of white- 
thorn trees, with here and there a cluster of hollies or a dense shrubbery, 
