GARDEN-WARBLER. 401 
acquainted with the principal literary men of his day. Ray, in his pre- 
face to the ‘ Ornithologia,’ acknowledges his assistance in furnishing them 
with descriptions and examples of rare birds from the neighbourhood of 
Sheffield. Ray was his frequent guest at Broom Hall; and Willughby 
in his will made Ray and Jessop, together with three other gentlemen, 
his executors. 
From the evidence to be gleaned upon the subject it would appear that 
the Garden-Warbler and the Blackcap do not get on very well in the 
same area. Rarely indeed do the two species occur in any great numbers 
in the same district; and where the Garden-Warbler is abundant the 
-Blackcap seems always to be rare, and vice versd. The Garden-Warbler 
is pretty generally distributed throughout England, except in the extreme 
south-west, but becomes exceedingly local in Wales. It does not appear 
to have ever been noticed in the Channel Islands. Authorities disagree 
as to its abundance in Scotland,—Selby, on the one hand, stating that it 
occurs in all suitable districts throughout the greater part of the country ; 
Gray, on the contrary, being inclined to believe that the bird is not so 
commonly distributed. It has, however, been met with in most of the 
midland and southern counties, from Banffshire southwards. Dr. Saxby 
states that it is a rare autumn visitor to the Shetlands, usually arriving in 
September; but it does not appear to have been observed in the Orkneys. 
The bird is rare in Ireland, Thompson only noting its occurrence in the 
counties of Cork and Tipperary ; but it has been met with in the 
counties of Dublin, Wicklow, and Fermanagh; and Sir Victor Brooke 
states that it nests regularly near Castle Caldwell, in the north-west of 
the latter county. 
On the continent the geographical distribution of the Garden-Warbler 
extends throughout Western Europe, and, like that of some other migrants, 
becomes more and more restricted, both to the north and to the south, as 
it progresses eastwards. In Norway the bird ranges as far north as lat. 
70°, in Finland and North-west Russia to lat. 65°, and in the Ural Moun- 
tains to lat. 59°. I cannot find any evidence of its wintering in any part 
of Europe; and in Southern Italy and Greece it appears to be only found 
in spring and autumn on migration. LHastwards, in Asia Minor, it has 
only been recorded as passing through on migration; but in Palestine 
Canon Tristram says that it remains to breed. It is a summer visitor to 
the Caucasus and the extreme north-west of Persia. The only evidence of 
its occurrence east of the Ural Mountains are some examples in the 
museum of Professor Slovzow at Omsk, said to have been procured in the 
neighbourhood. It winters in West Africa and in the oases of the 
Sahara; but in Egypt it is only known to pass through on migration, and 
has been obtained in our winter in Damara Land, the Transvaal, and the 
eastern portions of the Cape colony. 
VOL. I. 2D 
