GOLDEN ORIOLE. 589 
ORIOLUS GALBULA. 
GOLDEN ORIOLE. 
(Piate 11.) 
Turdus oriolus, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 320 (1760). 
Oriolus galbula, Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. 160 (1766); et auctorum plurimorum— 
hes Gray, Bonaparte, Schlegel, Gould, Salvadori, Sharpe, Dresser, Newton, 
eet 
Coracias oriolus (Briss.), Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 41 (1769). 
Coracias galbula (Linn.), Bechst. Naturg. Deutsch. i. p. 1292 (1805). 
Oriolus galbula (Zinn.), var. virescens, Hempr. SiLhr. Symb. Phys. Aves, fol. z (1829). 
Oriolus aureus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 155 (1831). 
The Golden Oriole breeds throughout most parts of the continent of 
Europe south of the Baltic, though comparatively few remain to spend the 
summer in the extreme south. In South Finland it breeds as far north as 
lat. 63°; but in Russia it has not been found north of lat. 60°. It is only 
known as a very rare straggler to Sweden, and appears never to have 
occurred in Norway, although it is said once to have been obtained in 
Iceland. It breeds in suitable localities in Holland, France, Germany, 
Spain, Portugal, Italy, Austria, South Russia, the Caucasus, and, south of 
the Mediterranean, in Algeria. It appears sometimes to wander to the 
Azores. Hastwards its breeding-range extends through Persia, Turkestan, 
and Southern Siberia as far east as the Tian-Shan Mountains and the 
Altai. My Siberian collector has obtained a specimen at Krasnoyarsk ; 
Taczanowski says that he has seen an example from Irkutsk; and Radde 
states that in the museum of the Siberian section of the Russian Geogra- 
phical Society there are examples from the same neighbourhood. The 
Golden Oriole passes many of the islands of the Mediterranean, Greece, 
Asia Minor, Palestine, Egypt, and Nubia on migration, and winters in 
Africa as far south as Madagascar, Natal, and Damara Land. 
The Golden Oriole has numerous allies, which may be distinguished by 
having black on the head and nape. ‘The species most closely allied to it 
is O. kundoo, which partially replaces it in Turkestan, and ranges east- 
wards to India. It may be distinguished by having the black of the lores 
extending round and behind the eye, and by having the black on the out- 
side tail-feathers nearly or quite obsolete. In Africa, south and east of the 
Sahara as far as the equator, it is represented by O. auratus, which is 
replaced by another closely allied species, O. notatus, throughout the main- 
land of South Tropical Africa. Both these latter species may be distin- 
guished by their yellow lesser wing-coverts, which are black in the Kuropean 
