596 BRITISH BIRDS. 
we are for the most part profoundly ignorant. In the case of the Grey 
Shrikes, however, this would not appear to be the case; for two examples 
obtained by Hoffmann (one in lat. 634° and the other in lat. 644°, on the 
western slopes of the Ural Mountains) are identified by Bogdanow, than 
whom a more competent judge could not be found, as L. excubitor (see 
his excellent Monograph of the Russian Shrikes and their allies, p. 135). 
There are several examples of Pallas’s Grey Shrike in the museum at 
Edinburgh. Gray, in his ‘Birds of the West of Scotland,’ mentions 
having seen at least two dozen examples of Scotch-killed Grey Shrikes 
with only one wing-bar. Im Mr. Borrer’s collection are two examples 
killed in Sussex. It has been shot near Cardiff; my friend Mr. Back- 
house has an example in his collection obtained near York ; and in the 
British Museum is an example killed in this country. So faras is known, 
all these examples have been obtained in autumn, winter, or early spring. 
On the continent it has been found at Sarepta in March, in the Crimea in 
December, in the Baltic Provinces at the end of August, near Stockholm 
in autumn, near Bergen in October, besides many localities in Germany, 
Austria, &c. 
Pallas’s Grey Shrike breeds throughout Siberia south of lat. 65°, where 
it is a partial migrant, wintering in Turkestan. Examples from the 
Tchuski Land, Kamtschatka, Vladivostok, Lake Baikal, Krasnoyarsk, and 
Toorokansk appear to be thoroughbred; but many of the examples 
obtained on Heligoland and near Constantinople on migration are 
decidedly intermediate, and are probably the restlt of the interbreeding 
of the Great Grey Shrike with Pallas’s Grey Shrike somewhere in North- 
eastern Europe. It is, however, possible that the birds breeding in North- 
eastern Europe, or even in North-western Siberia, may be an intermediate 
race; but two examples obtained by Finsch in the valley of the Obb 
appear to be one a half-bred and the other a quadroon. In Turkestan 
Pallas’s Grey Shrike is represented by a near ally, Eversmann’s Grey 
Shrike (Lanius mollis), and in North America by the Great Northern 
Shrike (Lantus borealis). Both these forms are distinguished by never 
losing the vermiculations on the underparts, which are only found in 
immature examples of Pallas’s Grey Shrike, and by having the colour of 
the upper parts much darker and browner. In South-west Siberia, 
extending eastwards to Lake Baikal and southwards into Turkestan, 
another Grey Shrike, the White-winged Grey Shrike (Lanius leuco- 
_pterus), resides. Instead of having the white on the wing less 
developed than in the Great Grey Shrike, it is much more so. This 
is especially noticeable on the secondary quills, which have the basal 
half of both webs and nearly the entire inner web pure white. The 
range of the White-winged Grey Shrike overlaps that of Pallas’s Grey 
Shrike about the middle of the valley of the Yenesay; but the two 
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