YELLOW BUNTING. 47 



the majority of examples observed and obtained by him 

 came from the eastward towards the end of summer. At 

 that season it is very common in the interior of Finland, 

 and it even winters, according to Dr. Malmgren, at Kajaua. 

 It is found abundantly near Archangel, and is more generally 

 distributed than any of its congeners on the islands and 

 coasts of the White Sea. About Lake Ladoga also it is 

 resident. In Western Siberia it would seem to be common, 

 though to a great extent migratory, yet Prof. Radde found 

 that it came to the Jenesei in winter, and especially observed 

 it near Krasnoiarsk, in November. Prof. Brandt names it as 

 occurring in the Eastern Altai. According to Dr. Severzov 

 it appears, but rarely, on the river Daria in Turkestan in 

 winter. De Filippi did not meet with it in Persia : it is 

 included among the birds of the Caucasus, and Messrs. 

 Dickson and Ross procured it at Erzeroom in spring. At 

 Constantinople it is said to be very numerous in winter, but 

 it is not recorded from Greece, Palestine or Egypt. It is 

 found throughout Italy, but it seems to breed only in the 

 northern uplands and is scarce in the south as well as in 

 Sicily and Sardinia. It does not even breed in the south of 

 France, and though said by Loche to do so in Algeria no 

 example seems to have occurred to any other ornithologist 

 in that country. Col. Irby says that he has neither seen nor 

 heard of it on either shore of the Straits of Gibraltar, but 

 according to MM. Webb and Berthelot it inhabits Tene- 

 riffe : Mr. Godman however did not meet with it on any of 

 the Atlantic Islands. Its appearance in Portugal has not 

 yet been substantiated, and in Spain its distribution seems 

 to be limited, while in the southern parts of that country it 

 is said to be only an occasional winter-visitor. Within the 

 boundaries thus vaguely drawn, however, it is almost every- 

 where a common and, from its bright plumage and confident 

 habits, a well-known bird, as testified by the very large 

 number of local names which it enjoys throughout Europe. 



The adult male in summer has the upper mandible (which 

 bears a well-developed palatal knob) brown, the lower man- 

 dible of a bluish horn-colour : the irides dark brown : the head, 



