GREEN WOODPECKER. 465 



In the forests of Norway it breeds generally as far north as 

 the Trondhjem Fjord, beyond which, though Herr CoUett says 

 it has reached the Tys Fjord, its appearance is exceptional. 

 In Sweden its ordinary range is hardly higher than lat. 60° N., 

 but Herr Meves saw and heard it in Jemtland. It does not 

 seem to occur in CEland or Gottland, though Herr Berg- 

 strand gives it as found in Aland, and it is unknown in 

 Finland ; but it inhabits the countries of the opposite coast 

 of the Baltic as far as Esthonia, becoming however scarcer 

 eastwards. It is certainly not found in northern Eussia, 

 but according to Pallas it is not uncommon in western 

 Russia though wholly disappearing towards Siberia. Herr 

 Sabanaeflf thinks it may occur in the south-western parts of 

 the Perm Government, but Dr. Bogdanoff says it is already 

 rare in that of Kazan, and from M. Artzibascheff (Bull. 

 Mosc. 1859, p. 48) it would seem to be so even lower down 

 the Volga. It is however common in the Caucasus. Ross 

 (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p. 1) found it in numbers at Trebi- 

 zond, and also shot it between that place and Erzeroum ; 

 which, though Malherbe states that the former Museum of 

 the Zoological Society contained a specimen from Persia, was 

 accounted the most easterly locality for the species, until two 

 examples, obtained at Shiraz by Col. St. John, were referred 

 to it by Mr. Blanford. It is unknown in Palestine,* but 

 Mr. Danford (Ibis, 1878, p. 6) found it well distributed in 

 Asia Minor. It does not seem to occur in the Greek archi- 

 pelago, though on the mainland it is numerous, and it 

 occurs all along the northern shores of the Mediterranean, as 

 well as in Sicily — but not apparently in Sardinia or Corsica 

 • — to Spain, which is occupied solely as is now believed by 

 the very nearly allied form Gecinus shaiyii. Thence to the 

 Baltic our Green Woodpecker inhabits all the countries of 

 the Continent, in most of which it is to some extent migra- 

 tory, its distribution therein being no doubt chiefly deter- 

 mined by the same causes as affect it in England. 



* No Woodpecker of any kind has been observed by recent travellers in 

 Egypt. Yet Sonnini declares (Voy. Egypte, iii. p. 363) that he saw this species 

 arriving there with other migratory birds in autumn. 



