5604 TELEOSTEI CHAP. 
Heralded by the genus 7hrissopater,' which may be regarded as 
a connecting type between the Elopidae and the Clupeidae, this 
family is largely represented in Cretaceous times, more abundantly 
still in the Eocene and Miocene, where Clupea and Engraulis 
occur in numerous species; Hyperlophus, distinguished from 
Clupea by the presence of a dorsal serrated ridge similar to the 
ventral, occurs in the Upper Cretaceous of Syria, Southern 
Europe, and South America, in the Eocene of North America and 
Europe, and is represented at the present day on the West Coast 
of South America and on the coast and in the rivers of New 
South Wales. About 200 Clupeids are known to live at the 
present day, mostly marine species, but a few are confined to fresh- 
waters ; none may be termed deep-sea forms; some, like the Allis 
Shad (Clupea alosa) and Twait Shad (C. jinta), are anadromous, 
ascending rivers to spawn. The range of the family is almost 
cosmopolitan. Several species are remarkable for the extreme 
abundance of individuals, as for example the Herring (Clupea 
harengus), the Pilchard or Sardine (C. pilchardus), and the 
Anchovy (Engraulis enerasicholus). The Herring inhabits the 
northern parts of the Atlantic and the seas north of Asia. As 
Dr. Giinther first showed, the so-called “ Whitebait” consists 
chiefly of the fry of Herrings, which, like those of the Sprat 
(C. sprattus), have a predilection for brackish water. The 
Anchovy and the Pilchard, on thesother hand, seldom if ever 
enter estuaries. The eggs of the Herring, contrary to those of 
most British marine food-fishes, are heavy and adhesive, sticking 
firmly to stones or fixed objects on the sea bottom, whilst those 
of the Sprat and Pilchard float on the surface. The larvae are 
long, slender, and transparent. The Sardine, which affords so 
valuable a fishery on the West Coast of France, is the immature 
state of the Pilchard, which grows to a length of 10 to 14 
inches. Its movements are not yet well understood, and its 
scarcity during certain years in the waters where it usually 
swarms has caused periodical crises in an important industry. 
Ripe Pilchards are mostly found at a considerable distance from 
the coasts. The Anchovy is especially abundant in the Mediter- 
1 T have not been able to convince myself of the existence of an intergular plate 
in this genus, but I am satisfied that the postclavicle rests on the outer side of the 
clavicular arch. The bone that has been regarded as a small intergular plate in 
Spaniodon is, in my opinion, the glossohyal. 
