582 TELEOSTEI CHAP. 
(ii.) CYPRININAE.—Mazxillaries not bordering the mouth ;_ bar- 
bels absent, or one or two pairs; pharyngeal teeth in one to 
three rows, in small number, often very large, and working 
against a sclerous plate attached to a ventral process of the basi- 
occipital, which extends under the anterior vertebrae. Air- 
bladder usually large and divided into an anterior and a posterior 
part, rarely tripartite, not surrounded by a bony capsule. The 
great bulk of the family, represented in every part of its range. 
Remains of several of the existing genera have been found in 
Oligocene and later beds of Europe, Sumatra, and North America. 
Principal genera :—Cyprinus, Catla, Catlocarpio, Osteochilus, 
Labeo, Discognathus, Psilorhynchus, Capoéta, Barbus, Gobio, Pseudo- 
gobio, Saurogobio, Rhinogobio, Oreinus, Schizothorax, Ptychobarbus, 
Gymnocypris, Diptychus, Aulopyge, Ceratichthys, Pimephales, Cam- 
postoma, Cochlognathus, Exoglossum, Meda, Lepidomeda, Rhinich- 
thys, Rohteichthys, Leptobarbus, Rasbora, Luciosoma, Nuria, Am- 
blypharyngodon, Cyprinion, Semiplotus, Xenocypris, Leuciscus, 
Tinca, Leucosomus, Chondrostoma, Achilognathus, Rhodeus, Danio, 
Pteropsarion, Hypophthalmichthys, Abramis, Nematabramis, 
Aspius, Leucaspius, Alburnus, Barilius, Bola, Neobola, Chelae- 
thiops, Chela, Culter, Pelecus, Parapelecus, Cachius, Opsarvichthys, 
Scombrocypris, Squaliobarbus, Luciobrama. 
(ii.) COBITIDINAE.—Mavxillaries not bordering the mouth; 
barbels three to six pairs; pharyngeal teeth in one row, in mode- 
rate number. Anterior part of the air-bladder divided into a 
right and left chamber separated by a constriction, and enclosed 
in a bony capsule, the posterior part free, or absent. Loaches, 
characterised externally by a low, elongate body, without or with 
minute scales. Kurope, Asia, Abyssinia. Miocene of Oeningen. 
Principal genera :—botia, Lefua, Diplophysa, Nemachilus, Mis- 
gurnus, Cobitis, Lepidocephalichthys, Acanthophthalmus, Hucvr- 
rhichthys, Apua. 
(iv.) HOMALOPTERINAE.—Mazxillaries not bordering the mouth, 
which is inferior ; barbels three or four pairs; pharyngeal teeth in 
one row, in moderate number. Air-bladder rudimentary, divided 
into two lateral halves, encased in a bony capsule. Mountain 
forms with depressed head and horizontally expanded paired fins. 
China, India, Further India, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. 
Genera :—Homaloptera, Helgia, Glaniopsis, Gastromyzon. 
The recently described Gyrinochilus, from Borneo, resembling 
