648 TELEOSTEI CHAP. 
usually supporting ribs,| which themselves bear epipleurals. 
Gill-membranes free from isthmus or narrowly attached; 6 to 8 
branchiostegal rays; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; no 
pseudobranchiae. Ventral fins jugular, with 1 to 9 soft rays. 
Body more or less elongate, covered with small cycloid scales. 
Dorsal and anal fins elongate, formed of articulated rays, some- 
times divided into two or three distinct portions. Caudal fin 
more or less distinct, supported by the unmodified or but slightly 
modified neural and haemal spines of the last vertebrae, which 
are perfectly symmetrical (diphycercal or isocercal type). 
A mental barbel is often present, as in the Macruridae, and 
the suture between the frontal bones has disappeared in most of 
the members of this very natural family. About 120 species are 
distinguished, mostly marine, many being adapted to life at great 
depths. All are carnivorous. They inhabit chiefly the northern 
Fic. 398.—Cod (Gadus morrhua), x1. (After Goode.) 
seas, but many abyssal forms occur between the tropics and in 
the southern parts of the Atlantic and Pacific. Principal genera : 
Gadus, Merluccius, Holargyreus, Lotella, Physiculus, Phycis, 
Haloporphyrus, Tripterophycis, Lota, Molva, Onus, Bregmaceros, 
Antimora, Raniceps, Brosmius. 
Several species, referred to Gadus and Brosmius, have been 
described from the Miocene. Nemopteryx, which is allied to 
Gadus, is from the Oligocene. 
The fishes of this family are among the most important from 
an economic point of view. It will suffice to allude merely by 
name to the following among the European forms:—The Cod- 
Fish (Gadus morrhua), the largest species, reaching a length of 
1 In the very aberrant Hake (Merlueciws) ribs are absent on the vertebrae bearing 
the strongly expanded, plate-like parapophyses. 
