FOr TELEOSTEI CHAP, 
wing-like portion of the pectoral fins, by which they are able 
to move in the air like Hxocoetus, but for shorter distances, and, 
unlike them, the wings are moved rapidly, the mode of, flight 
resembling that of many forms of grasshoppers;’ the young, 
however, have comparatively short pectorals, and were formerly 
regarded as belonging to a distinct genus (Cephalacanthus). 
Division VIII.—JUGULARES. 
No bony stay for the praeoperculum. Ventral fins jugular 
or mental. Gill-openings in front of the pectoral fin, the base 
of which is vertical or subvertical. 
In a recently published note * I have alluded to the group of 
Physoclistous fishes for which I proposed to revive the old name 
Jugulares, pointing out that some of the forms previously 
grouped together as Trachinidae agree with the Gadidae, not 
only in the jugular position of the ventral fins, but also in the 
condition of the scapula and coracoid. Mr. Regan® has since 
been able to show that the Gadidae and Macruridae possess 
certain characters in common by which they may be separated 
not only from the other Jugulares, but even from the Acantho- 
pterygians, and, as mentioned above (p. 646), the Miillerian 
Sub-order Anacanthini may be maintained, after excluding the 
Pleuronectidae. That the Blenniidae are akin to Lycodes and 
its allies has long been admitted, and authors who have placed 
them in different divisions of their systems have had to confess 
the difficulty of referring certain genera to the one family rather 
than to the other. The fact that Zycodes and many forms 
previously associated with the Ophidiidae agree with the 
Macruridae and Gadidae in the diphycercal vertebral column 
and in the absence of spines to the fins is merely, it seems to me, 
the result of degradation ; they probably form tke terminal 
group of a series in which the vertebral column was originally 
homocercal and fin-spines were present, as is the case in most of 
the Blenniidae and Trachinidae and their near allies. All - these 
families may be assumed to have evolved in several series, often 
on parallel lines, from some group closely related to the 
1 Moseley, Notes Natur. Challenger, 2nd edition, p. 495. 
* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) viii. 1901, p. 261. 
3 Op. cit. xi. 1903, p. 460. 
