706 TELEOSTEI CHAP. 
widely separated; pectoral arch usually as in the Trachinidae, 
but scapular fenestra sometimes in the scapula (Zrematomus). 
Body varying much in shape according to the genera, the form 
sometimes suggestive of the Cottidae; scales usually ctenoid, 
sometimes absent; anterior (spinous) dorsal sometimes absent ; 
lateral line often double, or even triple. Mostly from the 
Southern seas and the Antarctic circle. About 40 species, refer- 
able to 19 genera, of which the following are the principal :— 
fotothenia, Trematomus, Chaenichthys, Champsocephalus, Cryo- 
draco, Acanthaphritis, ‘ Eleginops, Bovichthys, Gymnodraco, Ger- 
lachia, Bathydraco, Racovitzaia, Harpagifer, Draconetta. 
Fam. 5. Uranoscopidae.—Agree with the Trachinidae in 
general structure, and in the closely approximated ventrals. 
Scales very small, in oblique bands, or absent. Pterygials much 
reduced, fused with the scapula and the coracoid ; scapular fenestra 
in the scapula. Parapophyses strongly developed on the prae- 
caudal vertebrae, with the ribs attached to their upper surface. 
The head is very large, broad, partly covered with bony plates ; 
cleft of the mouth vertical; eyes on the upper surface of the 
head. Vertebrae 25 to 30 (12-14+ 13-16). Four genera: 
Uranoscopus, Anema, Cathetostoma, Ariscopus, with 15 species, 
from the tropical seas, northwards to the Mediterranean and 
Japan, southwards to South Australia and New Zealand. 
Fam. 6. Trichonotidae.—Small elongate fishes very nearly 
related to the Callionymidae, with which they agree in the 
arrangement of the bones at the base of the pectoral fins and 
the absence of epipleurals; but post-temporal more distinctly 
forked and detached from the skull, suborbital arch ossified 
(without subocular shelf), gill-openings wide, a single long dorsal 
fin, a long anal fin, and body covered with scales. Vertebrae 
48-53. Five marine species, referable to 3 genera: Zrichonotus 
and Zaeniolabrus from the Indian Ocean, and Hemerocoetes from 
New Zealand. 
Fam. 7. Callionymidae.—Suborbital arch ligamentous ; ento- 
pterygoid absent; basis cranii simple; mouth rather small, 
protractile. Vertebrae few (7+14), the last two much en- 
larged; most of the vertebrae with bifid neural processes, simu- 
lating a “spina bifida”; first vertebra ribless,' second to fourth 
1 This is really the second, the first having entirely disappeared, as in some 
Gobiesocidae. 
