128 



NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS. 



We divide tlic family into several grou]is of lower rank, as true rails, wood-hens, 

 purple galliuules, true gallinules, and coots, the latter being distinguished by their 

 lobated toes, like grebes, the gallinules by the horny shield which covere the fore- 

 head. 



The true rails are distributed all over the world, being, however, chiefly tropical 



and especially numerous in America. They 

 are usually more or less sombre-colored birds 

 of very retired, partly ere]iuscular habits, 

 p()])ulating swamps and marshes, and very 

 little known — except by their often loud 

 and harsh voice — to others than those who 

 as s]iortsnien or naturalists make them a 

 specialty. The Virginia rail {liallus virgui- 

 ianus) and the Sora rail {Porzana Caro- 

 lina) are familiar exani]iles from this conti- 

 nent, while the common European corn- 

 crake ( Crex crex) is only a casual visitor to 

 our eastern coast. 



Closely related to the rails proper, but 

 singularly specialized in many respects, are 

 the wood-liens, as they are called by the 

 English colonists in the South Sea. Several 

 species of the genus Ocydromus are inhabit- 

 ants of New Zealand, and have, like many 

 other bird tyjies of the region, lost their 

 ]iower of flight by disuse. They are rather 

 large birds, about the size of the domestic 

 ^•^ fowl, with stout feet, small and weak wings, 

 and correspondingly feeble development of 

 the shoulder girdle and the breast-bone, the 

 keel being very low, as shown in the ac- 

 comi)anying cut of the skeleton. The anal- 

 ogy of the retrograde develo])ment of the 

 fore limbs and the parts su])porting them 

 in these birds, with the state of the struc- 

 ture in the struthious Ijirds inhabiting the 

 same region, is very instructive as indicat- 

 ing the probable origin of the latter by a 

 similar jirocessof reduction caused by disuse. 

 In this connection there is a point of con- 

 siderable importance, viz., that in Oci/dro- 

 mtts the angle between the scapula ami the coracoids is less acute than in flying Cari- 

 natcs, thus a))proacIiing the arrangement in the Struthionine bird, and in the equally 

 flightless extinct //<°s/;tTo?viis. A further hint in the same direction is the fact that the 

 angle mentioned is equally obtuse in the skeleton of the dodo. Some anatomists go even 

 so far as to suggest a comparatively close relationship between Ori/dromus and tin- 

 kiwis, as, for instance. Prof. Garrod, who says "so many features have they in common, 

 that it would be difficult to bring convincing argument against the statement that Ocy- 



FlO. CO. — Skeleton of Ocydromut futcua. 



