LUPINES. 109 



pods and died about one hour later. The symptoms in these two cases 

 were the same as those observed above and were of the acute form. 



SYMPTOMS OF POISONING. 



The symptoms of lupine poisoning are tolerably uniform and are so 

 well known in Europe that chronic lupine poisoning has been given 

 the name lupinosis. Both acute and chronic forms of the disease are 

 frequentl}' referred to by European writers. In the United States, 

 however, the chronic form has thus far not been recognized. The 

 sj'mptoms observed in cases of lupine poisoning in Montana are prac- 

 tically identical with those described bj^ European writers as caused 

 by European species of lupines. There is always to be noticed an 

 acute cerebral congestion accompanied from the start with great mental 

 excitement. During this stage the sheep rush about in different direc- 

 tions, butting one another and other objects. In some cases it was 

 observed that the sheep ran toward the herder or other persons, but 

 there is probably no significance to be attached to such actions. The 

 first stage of frenzy is followed by a second stage, characterized by 

 pronounced irregularity of movement, violent spasms, and falling fits. 

 In the large proportion of cases collapse and death occur within from 

 one-half to one and one-half hours. During the attack the pulse is 

 strong and irregular. After the animal is no longer able to stand, 

 attacks of convulsions follow one another at short intervals. These 

 convulsions resemble to some extent those caused by strychnine. 

 Universally in lupine poisoning the excretion of the kidneys is much 

 increased and sometimes it is bloody. In extensive cases of poisoning 

 by lupine it is to be observed that a number of the sheep linger on for 

 from two to four da3's. In these lingering cases the symptoms do not 

 follow one another so rapidly and do not assume so violent a form. 

 After the first day a striking weakness of the pulse and slowness of 

 respiration are manifested. 



Post-mortem examinations of the sheep poisoned by lupines revealed 

 conditions very similar to those found in the acute cases of loco disease, 

 alread}^ described above, with the exception that in loco disease the 

 kidneys were not affected. The lungs were slightly congested, but 

 this condition was not so pronounced as in cases of larkspur poisoning. 

 The cerebral membranes were in all cases congested. In the more 

 violent cases small blood vessels had been ruptured in various parts of 

 the body, which ma}^ have been due either to increase of blood pres- 

 sure or to the struggles of the animal. 



REMEDIAL AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES. 



No remedies have been tried in cases of stock poisoning from eating 

 American species of lupine, and we can not, therefore, recommend any 

 treatment which is based on personal experience with these plants. It 

 is possible that liberal doses of a mixture of potassium permanganate 



