PLANTING AND TRANSPLANTING 33 



generally considered dormant when the flow of sap has ceased in the 

 top, at which time the season's growth is completed, and when the 

 wood has had an ample opportunity to ripen and harden. Deciduous 

 plants are dormant when the leaves have fallen or turned brown. 

 Transplanting before the wood is thoroughly ripened is one of the 

 sources of winter-killing. It will be noted under group No. 40-A 

 and 40-B (on Page 289) that there are certain types of stock which 

 should be transplanted in the spring and others which should be 

 transplanted in the fall to secure the best results. The explanation 

 is contained in Chapter XL. Evergreens require different rules for 

 time of moving and must therefore be considered separately (See 

 Page 48). It is practicable to transplant small trees, many 

 evergreens and many shrubs, together with perennials, before they 

 have finished their growing season or after growth in the spring has well 

 begun; but this should rarely if ever be attempted with large trees. 

 In such out-of-season handling of the stock extreme caution should be 

 used to prevent drying out, and the plant should be moved, if possible, 

 with the earth balled about the roots. 



Transplanting Nursery Stock. It is essential that the pur- 

 chaser of nursery stock should request that such material be lifted and 

 packed properly. Nursery stock in general must be dug carefully to 

 preserve as much of the root growth as is practicable, and with roots 

 cut as cleanly as possible. The stock should not be allowed to stand 

 openly exposed to the injurious efi^ects of wind and sun after lifting and 

 before packing. For short shipments, of one or two days, stock can 

 be packed equally well in excelsior, sphagnum-moss, or straw, but for 

 longer shipments material should not be packed in excelsior, for it dries 

 out too rapidly. 



On receipt of nursery stock which has been shipped in boxes or 

 crates the stock (being delivered by truck or by wagon) should be 

 so loaded and so covered with canvas that there is a minimum of 

 exposure to drying-out processes. Stock, when received on the 

 grounds where it is to be planted, should be removed at once from 

 boxes or crates, and if not planted immediately must be "heeled in** 

 (Plate VI) or kept in some other way from drying out. 



Transplanting — Collected Stock. Collected stock needs more 

 careful attention than nursery stock. Collected material usually 



