128 ANATIDAi 
Iceland, Asia, and America. On its winter passage it 
reaches the seas and some of the larger sheets of fresh 
water in Central and Southern Europe. EHastward its 
migrations extend to China and Japan, while along the 
Atlantic sea-board it is to be found as far south as Central 
America. 
DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERS. 
PLUMAGE. Adult male nuptial.— Head, neck, upper 
breast, and back, glossy-black, reflecting shades of green 
and purple; rest of back, scapulars, and most of the wing- 
coverts, finely pencilled with black and white; ‘ speculum ’ 
white, bordered with greenish-black ; primaries, brown; 
lower breast and abdomen, white; tail, brown with darker 
coverts. 
Adult male, post-nuptial or eclipse.—Closely resembles 
the adult female plumage. 
Adult female nuptial—Head very dark brown, with a 
noticeable white patch at the base of the beak; neck, upper 
breast, and back, brown; rest of back, dusky-brown, finely 
pencilled with grey; the flanks and under’ tail-coverts of 
rather similar markings ; abdomen, dull greyish-white. 
Adult winter, male and female.—Similar to the respec- 
tive nuptial plumages. 
Immature, male and female. — Resembles the female 
plumage. 
Beak. Bright slate-blue, tipped black. 
Fret. Bluish-grey. 
TIr1pDEs. Bright golden-yellow. 
AVERAGE MEASUREMENTS. 
TOTAL LENGTH ... _ ae 2 in. 
WING Se sie fale Sa ope ae 
BEAK : BS on Ree oma 
TARSO-METATARSUS ee Al ae 
Eaa ae an <i ix 2°6' Soo oaiee 
Allied Species and Representative Forms.—F. affinis is 
the Lesser Scaup, a smaller American form. But the bird 
figured as such in the earlier editions of Yarrell appears to 
be a hybrid between the Scaup and Pochard (Saunders). 
