GOOSANDER 153 
in Northern Europe (including Iceland),’ also in Denmark, 
North-east Germany, some of the Swiss lakes, Central 
and Eastern Russia. Further east it may be traced to 
Siberia and Central Asia as a breeding-species. 
In winter it visits the waters of Southern Europe, 
Northern Africa, and Southern Asia. 
DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERS. 
PLUMAGE. Adult male nuptial.—Head, crest, and upper 
neck, rich glossy greenish-black; lower neck, breast, and 
abdomen, white, suffused with a delicate salmon-pink ; upper 
back and scapulars, black; primaries, brown; wing-coverts, 
chiefly white ; lower back and tail, light brown. 
Adult male, post-nuptial or eclipse.—Somewhat resembles 
the adult female plumage, but distinguished by an in- 
distinct black neck-ring, and by the darker back and whiter 
wings. 
Adult female nuptial.—Head, crest, and upper neck, 
reddish-brown ; chin and lower neck, impure white ; breast 
and abdomen, dull white shaded with grey on the flanks ; 
back and scapulars, ash-grey ; primaries, brown. 
Adult winter, male and female.—Similar to the respective 
nuptial plumages. 
Immature, male and female-—Resembles the female 
plumage, but the breast and flanks are marked with brown, 
and the crest is very short. 
Beak. Bright red; serrated and shghtly hooked at the 
extremity. 
FEET. Deep orange. 
Ir1pxs. Red. 
AVERAGE MEASUREMENTS. 
TOTAL LENGTH ... ... 26 in. Female smaller. 
WING vr a Some Na 
BEAK Sk aes Spe Dra 
'TARSO-METATARSUS no aes 
Eae 2:6: 3 1:8 )ame 
Allied Species and Representative Ferms.—The North 
' Mr. Coburn, however, did not meet with it on his recent expedition 
to North Iceland in 1899 (‘ Zoologist,’ 1901, p. 413). 
