324 CHARADRIID As 
chiefly white with a few yellow feathers interspersed (Plate 
XXXIII. B.) I have another with glossy greenish-black 
head-tufts and a black and white ‘ruff’ (Plate XX XIII. A). 
In birds in which black predominates there is generally 
more gloss about the plumage. As a rule the colour of 
the ‘frill’ is repeated on the feathers of the back, scapulars, 
upper breast, central tail-feathers, inner secondaries, and 
wing-coverts; the primaries, however, and outer tail- 
feathers do not vary, being dull brown with white shafts ; 
the secondaries are brownish with whitish edgings; the 
lower breast and under tail-coverts are usually whitish 
(Plate XXXII. A). 
Adult female nuptial.—The female does not assume 
the ‘frill.’ The head and neck are greyish-brown speckled 
with black; feathers of the back, scapulars, and wings, 
blackish, margined with buff, except the outer secondaries 
and primaries, which resemble those of the male; tail, 
ereyish-brown, barred with chestnut and black; front of 
neck, breast, and flanks, black, the feathers being edged 
with white; abdomen and under tail-coverts, whitish (Plate 
XXXII. B). 
Adult winter, male and female—Feathers of top of head, 
hind-neck, back, scapulars, and wings, dark ash-grey with 
paler margins; primaries, dull brown; lateral upper tail- 
coverts, white; central ones, greyish-brown; tail, chiefly 
sreyish-brown, barred slightly near the end with darker 
ereyish-brown and white; rest of head and throat, light 
sreyish-white; front of neck and upper breast, ash-grey, 
washed with brown markings; lower breast, abdomen, and 
under tail-coverts, whitish. 
Immature, male and female.—The sexes are practically 
similar in plumage (for minor details of difference in the 
plumages of the sexes, vide ‘ Ivish Naturalist, vol. ix, p. 189). 
Top of head streaked with black and dark buff; hind-neck, 
mouse-colour; feathers of back, scapulars, and wings, 
blackish, edged with buff; primaries, brownish; throat, 
front and sides of neck, and breast, dull buff; abdomen and 
under tail-coverts, white ; tail, chiefly greyish-brown, edged 
with brownish-black and buff; chin, whitish. 
Brak. Blackish. 
Freer. Dull orange. 
IrtpEs. Blackish-brown. 
