518 PODICIPEDIDAt 
as Sweden, and southward to the Mediterranean. It is 
abundant in parts of Russia, Germany, and Hungary. Its 
breeding-range extends to both sides of the Equator, from 
North to South Africa, also to many countries of Asia, 
including North India, Palestine, and China. Further 
south it may be traced to Australia, Tasmania, and New 
Zealand. It also visits Japan. 
DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERS. 
PLUMAGE.) Adult male nuptial.—In spring this Grebe 
becomes adorned with a crest of dark brown feathers which 
arises from the top of the head and is prolonged on either 
side in the form of horns; forehead and crown, blackish ; 
cheeks, throat, and chin, white tinged with rufous ; over the 
eye iS a stripe of the same colour : encircling the throat is 
a ‘tippet’ or ‘frill,’ capable of erection, and composed of 
chestnut-brown feathers margined with black : back, scapu- 
lars, wings, rump, and upper tail- coverts, dark brown ; lower 
part of the hind-neck, dark greyish-brown ; lesser wing- 
coverts, white forming a band along the edge of the wing; 
carpals and secondaries, white, conspicuous when the bird 
is flying; primaries, dark brown; fore-neck, breast, and 
abdomen, silvery-white; flanks, reddish-brown. 
Adult female nuptial.—Similar in plumage to the male, 
but the head-ornaments are less developed. 
Adult winter, male and female.—Resembles the nuptial 
plumage except that the head-garniture is absent in both 
SEXES. 
Immature, male and female.— Resembles the adult 
winter-plumage except that the head and neck are marked 
with longitudinal stripes of ash-brown ; crest and chestnut 
tippet not marked until about the second year. 
Nestling.—The nestlings are very beautiful creatures, 
richly striped with dark brown and ‘black on a yellowish- 
white ground-colour. Their beaks are tinted brilliant orange. 
Brak. Reddish, tip pale horn-colour. 
“Freer. Light olive-brown, becoming blackish on the 
outside ; adjacent toes webbed but not connected with one 
another. 
IrtpES. Crimson ; narrow golden circle round Pupl 
' Tn all Grebes the plumage is composed of short, closely-set feathers, 
very silky in texture; the skins at one time were in large demand for 
the manufacture of muffs, collarettes, and other articles of apparel. 
