FULMAR 567 
become a necessity” (‘ Birds of Fair Isle,’ Ann. Scot. Nat. 
Hist., 1906, p. 80). 
Geographical distribution.—Beyond our Isles the Fulmar 
breeds plentifully on the Faroes, in Iceland, and in several 
other Islands of Arctic and Sub-arctic Europe, Asia, Canada, 
and Greenland. In winter it migrates as far south as about 
lat. 40° N., frequenting both the European and American sea- 
board of the North Atlantic. 
A DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERS. 
PLUMAGE. Adult male nuptial.— Head, neck, breast, 
abdomen, and under tail-coverts, pure white, or shaded with 
grey; flanks washed with pale blue-grey or shaded with 
grey; back, scapulars, wings, and tail, light bluish-grey ; 
primaries, dusky greyish-blue. 
Adult female nuptial—Similar to the male plumage. 
Adult winter, male and female.—Similar to the nuptial 
plumage. 
Immature, male and female.’ — Resembles the adult 
plumage. 
Brak. Yellow towards the tip, lighter on the sides, dark 
towards the base; nasal-tubes, greenish-yellow. 
FEET. Greyish-brown; outer toes, darker. 
IripEs. Dark hazel-brown. 
AVERAGE MEASUREMENTS. 
TOTAL LENGTH ... aN eel Oe sins 
WING ve Bee a His eLearn, 
BEAK a3 a3 iow Sa m 
T'ARSO-METATARSUS A fe 5 cae A) - 
EGG se ace ae rae 2 SC Oian: 
Allied Species and Representative Forms.—There appear 
to be two races of the Fulmar, one in which the head, neck, 
' According to Dr. Wiglesworth, the Fulmar in first plumage differs 
from the adult in having the general hue of the back and upper parts of 
the wings of a uniform bluish-grey, whereas in the adult many of the 
wing-coverts are shaded on their outer webs with light brown, which 
produces an irregularly shaped pattern on the wing, conspicuous in 
flight. 
