372 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on 



Notches close to aud sometimes involving the same 

 kind of markin<Ts are to he seen on Plate IX, iigs. 1, 3, 5, 

 10, IG, 19, and 21. 



Wc can thus iinderstantl the conspicuous a})ical mark- 

 ings of the fore-wings of butterflies, together with the 

 common prolongation of the apex of the wing, as directive 

 marks which tend to divert the attention of an enemy 

 from more vital parts. 



The comparison of Figs. 81 and 33 on Plate X will show 

 a common method in the use of this marking on the under- 

 side. It is exposed for a few seconds after the butterfly 

 alights (Fig. 33), and then hidden by lowering the fore- 

 wings between the hind (Fig. 31). The meaning is no 

 doubt that wdnch is suggested on pp. 440, 441, where it is 

 however applied to the case of those sub-apical eye-spots 

 on the under-side (Plate X, figs. 28 and 32) which are 

 exposed and then hidden in a similar manner. 



Since the above sentence was written I have consulted 

 my assistants, Mr. W. Holland and Mr. A. H. Hamm, wdio 

 have had great experience in the ways of British Lepi- 

 doptera, and they both agree with me that our species 

 of Satyrinm with special sub-apical eye-spots on the 

 under-side of the fore-wing are apt to expose these marks 

 for a few seconds after alighting, and then swiftly cover 

 them by lowering the fore-wings between the hind. The 

 " Grayling," Satyrus scmclc, is particularly noticeable in 

 this respect, as all three of us have often observed ; 

 but the movement is well seen in our other species with 

 similarly-placed eye-spots.* This characteristic movement 

 considered in relation to Mr. Marshall's injured specimens, 

 and to the experiment with a lizard mentioned on pp. 440-1, 

 and a kestrel on p. 341, places the hypothesis advanced 

 on the former pages in a satisfactory position. 



But the interpretation of markings and structures at or 



interpretation tliat the fcmcdes of the species with purple-tipped 

 males are themselves often orange-tipped. 



* Dr. Dixey has specially ol)served this movement in scinele. He 

 states that Ephifphele janira, on the other hand, usually shows the 

 eye-spot wlien resting by day, although it (juite conceals it when 

 settling down in the evening: while a $ iJ. t ithonita, s<ctt\e.d on a 

 bramble-leat" in sunshine, exposed tlie ocellus, but concealed it when 

 a cloud came over the sun, again uncovering it when the cloud 

 passed. Dr. Dixey's notes were made at the time of the observations 

 at Morthoe, North Devon, in 1897-8. 



